Anti-folate receptor antibody conjugates, compositions comprising anti-folate receptor antibody conjugates, and methods of making and using anti-folate receptor antibody conjugates

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to antibody conjugates with binding specificity for folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) and its isoforms and homologs, and compositions comprising the antibody conjugates, including pharmaceutical compositions. Also provided are methods of producing the antibody conjugates and compositions as well as methods of using the antibody conjugates and compositions, such as in therapeutic and diagnostic methods.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/560,064, filed Sep. 18, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are antibody conjugates with binding specificity for folate receptor alpha (FolRα or FOLR1) and compositions comprising the antibody conjugates, including pharmaceutical compositions, methods of producing the conjugates, and methods of using the conjugates and compositions for therapy. The conjugates and compositions are useful in methods of treatment and prevention of cell proliferation and cancer, methods of detection of cell proliferation and cancer, and methods of diagnosis of cell proliferation and cancer. The conjugates and compositions are also useful in methods of treatment, prevention, detection, and diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and inflammatory conditions.

BACKGROUND

Folate receptors, or folate binding proteins (FBPs), include single chain glycoproteins that bind and contribute to the update of folates and other compounds in vivo. Elwood, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:14893-14901. Certain folate receptors are single-chain glycoproteins with a high affinity binding site for folate and other compounds such as methotrexate. Elwood, p. 14893. The human FOLR1 gene encodes the adult folate receptor, a 30 kDa polypeptide with about 257 amino acids with three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Elwood, p. 14893; Lacey et al., 1989, J. Clin. Invest. 84:715-720. Homologous genes and polypeptides have been identified in dozens of species.

The mature folate receptor glycoprotein has a size of about 42 kDa and has been observed to participate in the internalization of folates and antifolates into cells. Elwood et al., 1997, Biochemistry 36:1467-1478. Expression has been observed in human cerebellum and kidney cells, along with human cancer cell lines. Elwood et al., 1997, p. 1467. In addition to internalization of folate, a folate receptor has been shown to be a significant cofactor for cellular entry of viruses, particularly Marburg and Ebola viruses. Chan et al., 2001, Cell 106:117-126. Due to these internalization properties, the folate receptor has been proposed as a target for diagnostic and therapeutic agents. For instance, diagnostic and therapeutic agents have been linked to folate for internalization into cells expressing the folate receptor. See, e.g., Leamon, 2008, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 9:1277-1286; Paulos et al., 2004, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 56:1205-1217.

Folate receptor alpha (FolRα or FOLR1) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linked cell-surface glycoprotein that has high affinity for folates. Except for low levels in kidney and lung, most normal tissues do not express FOLR1, but high levels of FOLR1 have been found in serous and endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer, endometrial adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) of the adenocarcinoma subtype, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). FOLR1 expression is maintained in metastatic foci and recurrent carcinomas in ovarian cancer patients, and FOLR1 expression has been observed after chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian and endometrial cancers. These properties, together with the highly restricted expression of FOLR1 on normal tissues, make FOLR1 a highly promising target for cancer therapy. As such, the folate receptor provides a potential target for diagnostics and therapeutics for cancers and inflammatory conditions. New antibodies are needed for specific binding and targeting of these folate receptors.

There is a need for improved methods of modulating the immune regulation of folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) and the downstream signaling processes activated by folate receptor alpha (FOLR1). Moreover, given the specific expression of folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) in cancer- and carcinoma-transformed cells and lower expression in non-cancer tissue, there is a need for improved therapeutics that can specifically target cells and tissues that overexpress folate receptor alpha (FOLR1). Antibody conjugates to FOLR1 could be used to deliver therapeutic or diagnostic payload moieties to target cells expressing folate receptor alpha for the treatment or diagnosis of such diseases.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are antibody conjugates that selectively bind folate receptor alpha (FOLR1). The antibody conjugates comprise an antibody that binds folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) linked to one or more payload moieties. The antibody can be linked to the payload directly by a covalent bond or indirectly by way of a linker. Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) antibodies are described in detail herein, as are useful payload moieties, and useful linkers.

In another aspect, provided are compositions comprising the antibody conjugates. In some embodiments, the compositions are pharmaceutical compositions. Any suitable pharmaceutical composition may be used. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a composition for parenteral administration. In a further aspect, provided herein are kits comprising the antibody conjugates or pharmaceutical compositions.

In another aspect, provide herein are methods of using the anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugates. In some embodiments, the methods are methods of delivering one or more payload moieties to a target cell or tissue expressing folate receptor alpha. In some embodiments, the methods are methods of treatment. In some embodiments, the methods are diagnostic methods. In some embodiments, the methods are analytical methods. In some embodiments, the antibody conjugates are used to treat a disease or condition. In some aspects, the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, autoimmune disease, and infection.

In some embodiments, the antibody conjugates bind human folate receptor alpha. In some embodiments, the antibody conjugates also bind homologs of human folate receptor alpha. In some aspects, the antibody conjugates also bind homologs of cynomolgus monkey and/or mouse folate receptor alpha.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 provides a comparison of the Kabat and Chothia numbering systems for CDR-H1. Adapted from Martin A. C. R. (2010). Protein Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Variable Domains. In R. Kontermann & S. Dübel (Eds.), Antibody Engineering vol. 2 (pp. 33-51). Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.

FIG. 2(A-D), FIG. 3(A-D), and FIG. 4 provide alignments of the VH sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 308-366) from the variant antibodies provided herein. CDRs according to Chothia are highlighted, and CDRs according to Kabat are boxed.

FIG. 5 provides alignments of the VL sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 367-369) from trastuzumab and the variant antibodies provided herein. CDRs according to Chothia are highlighted, and CDRs according to Kabat are underlined.

FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating body weight change in mice implanted with KB cervical carcinoma cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 7 (A, B) are graphs illustrating tumor growth curves and tumor size at day 25 in mice implanted with KB cervical carcinoma cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 8 is a scatter plot illustrating final tumor size at day 31 in mice implanted with KB cervical carcinoma cells after single-dose treatment with two different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates disclosed herein.

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating body weight change in mice implanted with KB cervical carcinoma cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 10 (A, B) are graphs illustrating tumor growth curves and tumor size at day 21 in mice implanted with KB cervical carcinoma cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 11 is a scatter plot illustrating final tumor size at day 36 in mice implanted with KB cervical carcinoma cells after single-dose treatment with three different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates disclosed herein.

FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating body weight change in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 13 (A, B) are graphs illustrating tumor growth curves and tumor size at day 24 in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 14A is a graph illustrating tumor growth curves in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered a single dose of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 14B is a scatter plot illustrating tumor size at day 21 in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after single-dose treatment with different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates disclosed herein.

FIG. 15 includes plots illustrating binding of different FOLR1 antibodies to 293T transformed cells stably expressing different folate receptor isoforms (hFOLR1, hFOLR2).

FIG. 16 includes plots illustrating the cytotoxic activity of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates on 293T transformed cells stably expressing different folate receptor isoforms (hFOLR1, hFOLR2).

FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating body weight change in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered various doses of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 18 (A, B, C) includes tumor growth curves and scatter plot with tumor size at day 21 in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered various doses of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 19 (A, B, C, D) includes graphs illustrating tumor size in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered various doses of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 20 is a chart illustrating the delay of tumor growth in mice implanted with Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells after being administered various doses of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as disclosed herein.

FIG. 21 (A, B, C) includes tumor growth charts, a scatter plot illustrating tumor size at day 29, and a chart illustrating tumor growth inhibition at day 29 in animals bearing established Igrov1 tumors treated with a single dose of an exemplary FOLR-1 antibody-drug conjugate with or without carboplatin.

FIG. 22 (A, B) includes a tumor growth chart and a scatter plot illustrating tumor size at day 31 in animals bearing established OVCAR3 tumors.

FIG. 23 (A-F) includes tumor growth curves of various endometrium patient derived xenograft models to which an exemplary FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate was administered.

FIG. 24 (A, B) includes tumor growth curves and a tumor size scatter plot of animals with MC38-hFOLR1 tumors in response to treatment with an exemplary FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate, Avelumab, or a combination of both.

FIG. 25 (A, B) includes tumor growth curves and a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of animals with MC38-hFOLR1 tumors in response to treatment with an exemplary FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate, Avelumab, or a combination of both.

FIG. 26 is a graph illustrating the pharmacokinetic plasma profile of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates in SCID Beige mice.

FIG. 27 is an LC/MS trace of small molecules detected in the plasma of mice treated with vehicle or with ADC Molecules 1 or 17.

FIG. 28 includes a graph illustrating the plasma stability (as measured by drug-antibody ratio, or DAR) of a representative FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate administered to SCID Beige mice.

FIG. 29 includes graphs illustrating the plasma stability (as measured by drug-antibody ratio, or DAR) of various FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates as tested in PBS, cynomolgous monkey plasma, or human plasma.

FIG. 30 (A-C) includes graphs illustrating the cytotoxic activity of ADC Molecule 4 and ADC Molecule 21 on various cells in the presence of the respective naked antibody as competitor.

FIG. 31 is a graph illustrating the body weight change in rats that were administered various doses of the catabolites of FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates disclosed herein.

FIG. 32 is a graph illustrating the stability of a representative FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) compared to a comparator ADC as tested in cynomolgous monkey plasma, human plasma, and PBS.

FIG. 33 includes graphs illustrating cytotoxic activity of the catabolites of a representative FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) disclosed herein compared to that of a comparator ADC in cells with varying levels of PgP and in the presence of a specific PgP inhibitor.

FIG. 34 (A, B) is a chart illustrating tumor and plasma levels of the catabolite of a representative FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) disclosed herein compared to that of a comparator ADC as measured in mice with established Igrov1 tumors.

FIG. 35 (A, B) includes a tumor growth curve and a scatter plot illustrating tumor size at day 21 for different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) as disclosed herein.

FIG. 36 is a graph illustrating the pharmacokinetic plasma profile of different FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates in SCID Beige mice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 1. Definitions

Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art, notations and other scientific terminology used herein are intended to have the meanings commonly understood by those of skill in the art to which this invention pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily be construed to represent a difference over what is generally understood in the art. The techniques and procedures described or referenced herein are generally well understood and commonly employed using conventional methodologies by those skilled in the art, such as, for example, the widely utilized molecular cloning methodologies described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed. (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. As appropriate, procedures involving the use of commercially available kits and reagents are generally carried out in accordance with manufacturer-defined protocols and conditions unless otherwise noted.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The term “about” indicates and encompasses an indicated value and a range above and below that value. In certain embodiments, the term “about” indicates the designated value ±10%, ±5%, or ±1%. In certain embodiments, the term “about” indicates the designated value ±one standard deviation of that value.

The term “combinations thereof” includes every possible combination of elements to which the term refers to. For example, a sentence stating that “if α₂ is A, then α₃ is not D; as is not S; or α₆ is not S; or combinations thereof” includes the following combinations when α₂ is A: (1) α₃ is not D; (2) as is not S; (3) α₆ is not S; (4) α₃ is not D; as is not S; and α₆ is not S; (5) α₃ is not D and α₅ is not S; (6) α₃ is not D and α₆ is not S; and (7) as is not S and α₆ is not S.

The terms “folate receptor alpha” and “folate receptor 1” are used interchangeably herein. Folate receptor alpha is also known by synonyms, including FOLR1, FolRα, folate binding protein, FBP, adult folate binding protein, Folbp1, FR-alpha, FRα, KB cells FBP, and ovarian tumor-associated antigen MOv18, among others. Unless specified otherwise, the terms include any variants, isoforms and species homologs of human folate receptor alpha that are naturally expressed by cells, or that are expressed by cells transfected with a folate receptor alpha or FOLR1 gene. Folate receptor alpha proteins include, for example, human folate receptor alpha (SEQ ID NO: 1). In some embodiments, folate receptor alpha proteins include cynomolgus monkey folate receptor alpha (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, folate receptor alpha proteins include murine folate receptor alpha (SEQ ID NO: 3).

The term “immunoglobulin” refers to a class of structurally related proteins generally comprising two pairs of polypeptide chains: one pair of light (L) chains and one pair of heavy (H) chains. In an “intact immunoglobulin,” all four of these chains are interconnected by disulfide bonds. The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized. See, e.g., Paul, Fundamental Immunology 7th ed., Ch. 5 (2013) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. Briefly, each heavy chain typically comprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region (C_(H)). The heavy chain constant region typically comprises three domains, abbreviated C_(H1), C_(H2), and C_(H3). Each light chain typically comprises a light chain variable region (V_(L)) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region typically comprises one domain, abbreviated CL.

The term “antibody” describes a type of immunoglobulin molecule and is used herein in its broadest sense. An antibody specifically includes intact antibodies (e.g., intact immunoglobulins), and antibody fragments. Antibodies comprise at least one antigen-binding domain. One example of an antigen-binding domain is an antigen binding domain formed by a V_(H)-V_(L) dimer. A “folate receptor alpha antibody,” “anti-folate receptor alpha antibody,” “folate receptor alpha Ab,” “folate receptor alpha-specific antibody,” “anti-folate receptor alpha Ab,” “FOLR1 antibody,” “FolRα antibody,” “anti-FOLR1 antibody,” “anti-FolRα antibody,” “FOLR1 Ab,” “FolRα Ab,” “FOLR1-specific antibody,” “FolRα-specific antibody,” “anti-FolRα Ab,” or “anti-FOLR1 Ab” is an antibody, as described herein, which binds specifically to folate receptor alpha or FOLR1. In some embodiments, the antibody binds the extracellular domain of folate receptor alpha (FOLR1).

The V_(H) and V_(L) regions may be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (“hypervariable regions (HVRs);” also called “complementarity determining regions” (CDRs)) interspersed with regions that are more conserved. The more conserved regions are called framework regions (FRs). Each V_(H) and V_(L) generally comprises three CDRs and four FRs, arranged in the following order (from N-terminus to C-terminus): FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4. The CDRs are involved in antigen binding, and influence antigen specificity and binding affinity of the antibody. See Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest 5th ed. (1991) Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The light chain from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two types, called kappa and lambda, based on the sequence of the constant domain.

The heavy chain from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of five different classes (or isotypes): IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. These classes are also designated α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The IgG and IgA classes are further divided into subclasses on the basis of differences in sequence and function. Humans express the following subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2.

The amino acid sequence boundaries of a CDR can be determined by one of skill in the art using any of a number of known numbering schemes, including those described by Kabat et al., supra (“Kabat” numbering scheme); Al-Lazikani et al., 1997, J. Mol. Biol., 273:927-948 (“Chothia” numbering scheme); MacCallum et al., 1996, J. Mol. Biol. 262:732-745 (“Contact” numbering scheme); Lefranc et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol., 2003, 27:55-77 (“IMGT” numbering scheme); and Honegge and Plückthun, J. Mol. Biol., 2001, 309:657-70 (“AHo” numbering scheme), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Table 1 provides the positions of CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3, CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3 as identified by the Kabat and Chothia schemes. For CDR-H1, residue numbering is provided using both the Kabat and Chothia numbering schemes.

TABLE 1 Residues in CDRs according to Kabat and Chothia numbering schemes. CDR Kabat Chothia L1 L24-L34 L24-L34 L2 L50-L56 L50-L56 L3 L89-L97 L89-L97 H1 (Kabat Numbering) H31-H35B H26-H32 or H34* H1 (Chothia Numbering) H31-H35 H26-H32 H2 H50-H65 H52-H56 H3  H95-H102  H95-H102 *The C-terminus of CDR-H1, when numbered using the Kabat numbering convention, varies between H32 and H34, depending on the length of the CDR, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

Unless otherwise specified, the numbering scheme used for identification of a particular CDR herein is the Kabat/Chothia numbering scheme. Where the residues encompassed by these two numbering schemes diverge (e.g., CDR-H1 and/or CDR-H2), the numbering scheme is specified as either Kabat or Chothia. For convenience, CDR-H3 is sometimes referred to herein as either Kabat or Chothia. However, this is not intended to imply differences in sequence where they do not exist, and one of skill in the art can readily confirm whether the sequences are the same or different by examining the sequences.

CDRs may be assigned, for example, using antibody numbering software, such as Abnum, available at www.bioinf.org.uk/abs/abnum/, and described in Abhinandan and Martin, Immunology, 2008, 45:3832-3839, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The “EU numbering scheme” is generally used when referring to a residue in an antibody heavy chain constant region (e.g., as reported in Kabat et al., supra). Unless stated otherwise, the EU numbering scheme is used to refer to residues in antibody heavy chain constant regions described herein.

An “antibody fragment” comprises a portion of an intact antibody, such as the antigen binding or variable region of an intact antibody. Antibody fragments include, for example, Fv fragments, Fab fragments, F(ab′)₂ fragments, Fab′ fragments, scFv (sFv) fragments, and scFv-Fc fragments.

“Fv” fragments comprise a non-covalently-linked dimer of one heavy chain variable domain and one light chain variable domain.

“Fab” fragments comprise, in addition to the heavy and light chain variable domains, the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (C_(H1)) of the heavy chain. Fab fragments may be generated, for example, by recombinant methods or by papain digestion of a full-length antibody.

“F(ab′)₂” fragments contain two Fab′ fragments joined, near the hinge region, by disulfide bonds. F(ab′)₂ fragments may be generated, for example, by recombinant methods or by pepsin digestion of an intact antibody. The F(ab′) fragments can be dissociated, for example, by treatment with ß-mercaptoethanol.

“Single-chain Fv” or “sFv” or “scFv” antibody fragments comprise a V_(H) domain and a V_(L) domain in a single polypeptide chain. The V_(H) and V_(L) are generally linked by a peptide linker. See Plückthun A. (1994). In some embodiments, the linker is SEQ ID NO: 377. In some embodiments, the linker is SEQ ID NO: 378. Antibodies from Escherichia coli. In Rosenberg M. & Moore G. P. (Eds.), The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies vol. 113 (pp. 269-315). Springer-Verlag, New York, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

“scFv-Fc” fragments comprise an scFv attached to an Fc domain. For example, an Fc domain may be attached to the C-terminus of the scFv. The Fc domain may follow the V_(H) or V_(L), depending on the orientation of the variable domains in the scFv (i.e., V_(H)-V_(L) or V_(L)-V_(H)). Any suitable Fc domain known in the art or described herein may be used. In some cases, the Fc domain comprises an IgG1 Fc domain. In some embodiments, the IgG1 Fc domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 370, or a portion thereof. SEQ ID NO: 370 provides the sequence of C_(H1), C_(H2), and C_(H3) of the human IgG1 constant region.

The term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies. A population of substantially homogeneous antibodies comprises antibodies that are substantially similar and that bind the same epitope(s), except for variants that may normally arise during production of the monoclonal antibody. Such variants are generally present in only minor amounts. A monoclonal antibody is typically obtained by a process that includes the selection of a single antibody from a plurality of antibodies. For example, the selection process can be the selection of a unique clone from a plurality of clones, such as a pool of hybridoma clones, phage clones, yeast clones, bacterial clones, or other recombinant DNA clones. The selected antibody can be further altered, for example, to improve affinity for the target (“affinity maturation”), to humanize the antibody, to improve its production in cell culture, and/or to reduce its immunogenicity in a subject.

The term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a particular source or species, while the remainder of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a different source or species.

“Humanized” forms of non-human antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from the non-human antibody. A humanized antibody is generally a human immunoglobulin (recipient antibody) in which residues from one or more CDRs are replaced by residues from one or more CDRs of a non-human antibody (donor antibody). The donor antibody can be any suitable non-human antibody, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, or non-human primate antibody having a desired specificity, affinity, or biological effect. In some instances, selected framework region residues of the recipient antibody are replaced by the corresponding framework region residues from the donor antibody. Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues that are not found in either the recipient antibody or the donor antibody. Such modifications may be made to further refine antibody function. For further details, see Jones et al., Nature, 1986, 321:522-525; Riechmann et al., Nature, 1988, 332:323-329; and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol., 1992, 2:593-596, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A “human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence corresponding to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cell, or derived from a non-human source that utilizes a human antibody repertoire or human antibody-encoding sequences (e.g., obtained from human sources or designed de novo). Human antibodies specifically exclude humanized antibodies.

An “isolated antibody” is one that has been separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Components of the natural environment may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous materials. In some embodiments, an isolated antibody is purified to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence, for example by use of a spinning cup sequenator. In some embodiments, an isolated antibody is purified to homogeneity by gel electrophoresis (e.g., SDS-PAGE) under reducing or nonreducing conditions, with detection by Coomassie blue or silver stain. An isolated antibody includes an antibody in situ within recombinant cells, since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment is not present. In some aspects, an isolated antibody is prepared by at least one purification step.

In some embodiments, an isolated antibody is purified to at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% by weight. In some embodiments, an isolated antibody is purified to at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% by volume. In some embodiments, an isolated antibody is provided as a solution comprising at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% to 100% by weight. In some embodiments, an isolated antibody is provided as a solution comprising at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% to 100% by volume.

“Affinity” refers to the strength of the sum total of non-covalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity, which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can be represented by the dissociation constant (K_(D)). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein. Affinity can be determined, for example, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, such as a Biacore® instrument. In some embodiments, the affinity is determined at 25° C.

With regard to the binding of an antibody to a target molecule, the terms “specific binding,” “specifically binds to,” “specific for,” “selectively binds,” and “selective for” a particular antigen (e.g., a polypeptide target) or an epitope on a particular antigen mean binding that is measurably different from a non-specific or non-selective interaction. Specific binding can be measured, for example, by determining binding of a molecule compared to binding of a control molecule. Specific binding can also be determined by competition with a control molecule that mimics the antibody binding site on the target. In that case, specific binding is indicated if the binding of the antibody to the target is competitively inhibited by the control molecule.

The term “k_(d)” (sec⁻¹), as used herein, refers to the dissociation rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. This value is also referred to as the k_(off) value.

The term “k_(a)” (M⁻¹×sec⁻¹), as used herein, refers to the association rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. This value is also referred to as the k_(on) value.

The term “K_(D)” (M), as used herein, refers to the dissociation equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. K_(D)=k_(d)/k_(a).

The term “K_(A)” (M⁻¹), as used herein, refers to the association equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. K_(A)=k_(a)/k_(d).

An “affinity matured” antibody is one with one or more alterations in one or more CDRs or FRs that result in an improvement in the affinity of the antibody for its antigen, compared to a parent antibody which does not possess the alteration(s). In one embodiment, an affinity matured antibody has nanomolar or picomolar affinity for the target antigen. Affinity matured antibodies may be produced using a variety of methods known in the art. For example, Marks et al. (Bio/Technology, 1992, 10:779-783, incorporated by reference in its entirety) describes affinity maturation by V_(H) and V_(L) domain shuffling. Random mutagenesis of CDR and/or framework residues is described by, for example, Barbas et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1994, 91:3809-3813); Schier et al., Gene, 1995, 169:147-155; Yelton et al., J. Immunol., 1995, 155:1994-2004; Jackson et al., J. Immunol., 1995, 154:3310-33199; and Hawkins et al, J. Mol. Biol., 1992, 226:889-896, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

When used herein in the context of two or more antibodies, the term “competes with” or “cross-competes with” indicates that the two or more antibodies compete for binding to an antigen (e.g., folate receptor alpha, or FOLR1). In one exemplary assay, FOLR1 is coated on a plate and allowed to bind a first antibody, after which a second, labeled antibody is added. If the presence of the first antibody reduces binding of the second antibody, then the antibodies compete. In another exemplary assay, a first antibody is coated on a plate and allowed to bind the antigen, and then the second antibody is added. The term “competes with” also includes combinations of antibodies where one antibody reduces binding of another antibody, but where no competition is observed when the antibodies are added in the reverse order. However, in some embodiments, the first and second antibodies inhibit binding of each other, regardless of the order in which they are added. In some embodiments, one antibody reduces binding of another antibody to its antigen by at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.

The term “epitope” means a portion of an antigen capable of specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes frequently consist of surface-accessible amino acid residues and/or sugar side chains and may have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and non-conformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents. An epitope may comprise amino acid residues that are directly involved in the binding, and other amino acid residues, which are not directly involved in the binding. The epitope to which an antibody binds can be determined using known techniques for epitope determination such as, for example, testing for antibody binding to variants of folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) with different point-mutations.

Percent “identity” between a polypeptide sequence and a reference sequence, is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in the polypeptide sequence that are identical to the amino acid residues in the reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, MEGALIGN (DNASTAR), CLUSTALW, CLUSTAL OMEGA, or MUSCLE software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.

A “conservative substitution” or a “conservative amino acid substitution,” refers to the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically or functionally similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing similar amino acids are well known in the art. Polypeptide sequences having such substitutions are known as “conservatively modified variants.” Such conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles. By way of example, the groups of amino acids provided in Tables 2-4 are, in some embodiments, considered conservative substitutions for one another.

TABLE 2 Selected groups of amino acids that are considered conservative substitutions for one another, in certain embodiments. Acidic Residues D and E Basic Residues K, R, and H Hydrophilic Uncharged Residues S, T, N, and Q Aliphatic Uncharged Residues G, A, V, L, and I Non-polar Uncharged Residues C, M, and P Aromatic Residues F, Y, and W Alcohol Group-Containing Residues S and T Aliphatic Residues I, L, V, and M Cycloalkenyl-associated Residues F, H, W, and Y Hydrophobic Residues A, C, F, G, H, I, L, M, R, T, V, W, and Y Negatively Charged Residues D and E Polar Residues C, D, E, H, K, N, Q, R, S, and T Positively Charged Residues H, K, and R Small Residues A, C, D, G, N, P, S, T, and V Very Small Residues A, G, and S Residues Involved in Turn Formation A, C, D, E, G, H, K, N, Q, R, S, P, and T Flexible Residues Q, T, K, S, G, P, D, E, and R

TABLE 3 Additional selected groups of amino acids that are considered conservative substitutions for one another, in certain embodiments. Group 1 A, S, and T Group 2 D and E Group 3 N and Q Group 4 R and K Group 5 I, L, and M Group 6 F, Y, and W

TABLE 4 Further selected groups of amino acids that are considered conservative substitutions for one another, in certain embodiments. Group A A and G Group B D and E Group C N and Q Group D R, K, and H Group E I, L, M, V Group F F, Y, and W Group G S and T Group H C and M

Additional conservative substitutions may be found, for example, in Creighton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties 2nd ed. (1993) W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, N.Y. An antibody generated by making one or more conservative substitutions of amino acid residues in a parent antibody is referred to as a “conservatively modified variant.”

The term “amino acid” refers to the twenty common naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids include alanine (Ala; A), arginine (Arg; R), asparagine (Asn; N), aspartic acid (Asp; D), cysteine (Cys; C); glutamic acid (Glu; E), glutamine (Gln; Q), Glycine (Gly; G); histidine (His; H), isoleucine (Ile; I), leucine (Leu; L), lysine (Lys; K), methionine (Met; M), phenylalanine (Phe; F), proline (Pro; P), serine (Ser; S), threonine (Thr; T), tryptophan (Trp; W), tyrosine (Tyr; Y), and valine (Val; V).

Naturally encoded amino acids are the proteinogenic amino acids known to those of skill in the art. They include the 20 common amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine) and the less common pyrrolysine and selenocysteine. Naturally encoded amino acids include post-translational variants of the 22 naturally occurring amino acids such as prenylated amino acids, isoprenylated amino acids, myrisoylated amino acids, palmitoylated amino acids, N-linked glycosylated amino acids, O-linked glycosylated amino acids, phosphorylated amino acids and acylated amino acids.

The term “non-natural amino acid” refers to an amino acid that is not a proteinogenic amino acid, or a post-translationally modified variant thereof. In particular, the term refers to an amino acid that is not one of the 20 common amino acids or pyrrolysine or selenocysteine, or post-translationally modified variants thereof.

The term “conjugate” or “antibody conjugate” refers to an antibody linked to one or more payload moieties. The antibody can be any antibody described herein. The payload can be any payload described herein. The antibody can be directly linked to the payload via a covalent bond, or the antibody can be linked to the payload indirectly via a linker. Typically, the linker is covalently bonded to the antibody and also covalently bonded to the payload. The term “antibody drug conjugate” or “ADC” refers to a conjugate wherein at least one payload is a therapeutic moiety such as a drug.

The term “payload” refers to a molecular moiety that can be conjugated to an antibody. In particular embodiments, payloads are selected from the group consisting of therapeutic moieties and labelling moieties.

The term “linker” refers to a molecular moiety that is capable of forming at least two covalent bonds. Typically, a linker is capable of forming at least one covalent bond to an antibody and at least another covalent bond to a payload. In certain embodiments, a linker can form more than one covalent bond to an antibody. In certain embodiments, a linker can form more than one covalent bond to a payload or can form covalent bonds to more than one payload. After a linker forms a bond to an antibody, or a payload, or both, the remaining structure, i.e. the residue of the linker after one or more covalent bonds are formed, may still be referred to as a “linker” herein. The term “linker precursor” refers to a linker having one or more reactive groups capable of forming a covalent bond with an antibody or payload, or both. In some embodiments, the linker is a cleavable linker. For example, a cleavable linker can be one that is released by an bio-labile function, which may or may not be engineered. In some embodiments, the linker is a non-cleavable linker. For example, a non-cleavable linker can be one that is released upon degradation of the antibody.

“Treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers, in certain embodiments, to ameliorating a disease or disorder that exists in a subject. In another embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” includes ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may be indiscernible by the subject. In yet another embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” includes modulating the disease or disorder, either physically (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom) or physiologically (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) or both. In yet another embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” includes delaying or preventing the onset of the disease or disorder.

As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” refers to an amount of an antibody or composition that when administered to a subject is effective to treat a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount or effective amount refers to an amount of an antibody or composition that when administered to a subject is effective to prevent or ameliorate a disease or the progression of the disease, or result in amelioration of symptoms.

As used herein, the term “inhibits growth” (e.g. referring to cells, such as tumor cells) is intended to include any measurable decrease in cell growth (e.g., tumor cell growth) when contacted with a folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) antibody, as compared to the growth of the same cells not in contact with a FOLR1 antibody. In some embodiments, growth may be inhibited by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99%, or 100%. The decrease in cell growth can occur by a variety of mechanisms, including but not limited to antibody internalization, apoptosis, necrosis, and/or effector function-mediated activity.

As used herein, the term “subject” means a mammalian subject. Exemplary subjects include, but are not limited to humans, monkeys, dogs, cats, mice, rats, cows, horses, camels, avians, goats, and sheep. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease that can be treated or diagnosed with an antibody provided herein. In some embodiments, the disease is gastric carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, and/or a cancer of epithelial origin.

In some chemical structures illustrated herein, certain substituents, chemical groups, and atoms are depicted with a curvy/wavy line

that intersects a bond or bonds to indicate the atom through which the substituents, chemical groups, and atoms are bonded. For example, in some structures, such as but not limited to

this curvy/wavy line indicates the atoms in the backbone of a conjugate or linker-payload structure to which the illustrated chemical entity is bonded. In some structures, such as but not limited to

this curvy/wavy line indicates the atoms in the antibody or antibody fragment as well as the atoms in the backbone of a conjugate or linker-payload structure to which the illustrated chemical entity is bonded.

The term “site-specific” refers to a modification of a polypeptide at a predetermined sequence location in the polypeptide. The modification is at a single, predictable residue of the polypeptide with little or no variation. In particular embodiments, a modified amino acid is introduced at that sequence location, for instance recombinantly or synthetically. Similarly, a moiety can be “site-specifically” linked to a residue at a particular sequence location in the polypeptide. In certain embodiments, a polypeptide can comprise more than one site-specific modification.

2. Conjugates

Provided herein are conjugates of antibodies to folate receptor alpha (FOLR1 or FolRα). The conjugates comprise an antibody to FOLR1 covalently linked directly or indirectly, via a linker, to a payload. In certain embodiments, the antibody is linked to one payload. In further embodiments, the antibody is linked to more than one payload. In certain embodiments, the antibody is linked to two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more payloads.

The payload can be any payload deemed useful by the practitioner of skill. In certain embodiments, the payload is a therapeutic moiety. In certain embodiments, the payload is a diagnostic moiety, e.g. a label. Useful payloads are described in the sections and examples below.

The linker can be any linker capable of forming at least one bond to the antibody and at least one bond to a payload. Useful linkers are described the sections and examples below.

In the conjugates provided herein, the antibody can be any antibody with binding specificity for folate receptor alpha (FOLR1 or FolRα). The FOLR1 can be from any species. In certain embodiments, the FOLR1 is a vertebrate FOLR1. In certain embodiments, the FOLR1 is a mammalian FOLR1. In certain embodiments, the FOLR1 is human FOLR1. In certain embodiments, the FOLR1 is mouse FOLR1. In certain embodiments, the FOLR1 is cynomolgus FOLR1.

In certain embodiments, the antibody to folate receptor alpha (FOLR1 or FolRα) competes with an antibody described herein for binding. In certain embodiments, the antibody to FOLR1 binds to the same epitope as an antibody described herein.

The antibody is typically a protein comprising multiple polypeptide chains. In certain embodiments, the antibody is a heterotetramer comprising two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain can be linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond. Each heavy chain can be linked to the other heavy chain by one or more covalent disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain and each light chain can also have one or more intrachain disulfide bonds. As is known to those of skill in the art, each heavy chain typically comprises a variable domain (V_(H)) followed by a number of constant domains. Each light chain typically comprises a variable domain at one end (V_(L)) and a constant domain. As is known to those of skill in the art, antibodies typically have selective affinity for their target molecules, i.e. antigens.

The antibodies provided herein can have any antibody form known to those of skill in the art. They can be full-length, or fragments. Exemplary full length antibodies include IgA, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, etc. Exemplary fragments include Fv, Fab, Fc, scFv, scFv-Fc, etc.

In certain embodiments, the antibody of the conjugate comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six of the CDR sequences described herein. In certain embodiments, the antibody of the conjugate comprises a heavy chain variable domain (V_(H)) described herein. In certain embodiments, the antibody of the conjugate comprises a light chain variable domain (V_(L)) described herein. In certain embodiments, the antibody of the conjugate comprises a heavy chain variable domain (V_(H)) described herein and a light chain variable domain (V_(L)) described herein. In certain embodiments, the antibody of the conjugate comprises a paired heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain described herein (V_(H)-V_(L) pair).

In certain embodiments, the antibody conjugate can be formed from an antibody that comprises one or more reactive groups. In certain embodiments, the antibody conjugate can be formed from an antibody comprising all naturally encoded amino acids. Those of skill in the art will recognize that several naturally encoded amino acids include reactive groups capable of conjugation to a payload or to a linker. These reactive groups include cysteine side chains, lysine side chains, and amino-terminal groups. In these embodiments, the antibody conjugate can comprise a payload or linker linked to the residue of an antibody reactive group. In these embodiments, the payload precursor or linker precursor comprises a reactive group capable of forming a bond with an antibody reactive group. Typical reactive groups include maleimide groups, activated carbonates (including but not limited to, p-nitrophenyl ester), activated esters (including but not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimide, p-nitrophenyl ester, and aldehydes). Particularly useful reactive groups include maleimide and succinimide, for instance N-hydroxysuccinimide, for forming bonds to cysteine and lysine side chains. Further reactive groups are described in the sections and examples below.

In further embodiments, the antibody comprises one or more modified amino acids having a reactive group, as described herein. Typically, the modified amino acid is not a naturally encoded amino acid. These modified amino acids can comprise a reactive group useful for forming a covalent bond to a linker precursor or to a payload precursor. One of skill in the art can use the reactive group to link the polypeptide to any molecular entity capable of forming a covalent bond to the modified amino acid. Thus, provided herein are conjugates comprising an antibody comprising a modified amino acid residue linked to a payload directly or indirectly via a linker. Exemplary modified amino acids are described in the sections below. Generally, the modified amino acids have reactive groups capable of forming bonds to linkers or payloads with complementary reactive groups.

The non-natural amino acids are positioned at select locations in a polypeptide chain of the antibody. These locations were identified as providing optimum sites for substitution with the non-natural amino acids. Each site is capable of bearing a non-natural amino acid with optimum structure, function and/or methods for producing the antibody.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that is stable. Stability can be measured by any technique apparent to those of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has optimal functional properties. For instance, the antibody can show little or no loss of binding affinity for its target antigen compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced binding compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that can be made advantageously. For instance, in certain embodiments, the antibody shows advantageous properties in its methods of synthesis, discussed below. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show little or no loss in yield in production compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced yield in production compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show little or no loss of tRNA suppression compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced tRNA suppression in production compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has advantageous solubility. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show little or no loss in solubility compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced solubility compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has advantageous expression. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show little or no loss in expression compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced expression compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has advantageous folding. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show little or no loss in proper folding compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced folding compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.

In certain embodiments, a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that is capable of advantageous conjugation. As described below, several non-natural amino acids have side chains or functional groups that facilitate conjugation of the antibody to a second agent, either directly or via a linker. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced conjugation efficiency compared to an antibody without the same or other non-natural amino acids at other positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced conjugation yield compared to an antibody without the same or other non-natural amino acids at other positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced conjugation specificity compared to an antibody without the same or other non-natural amino acids at other positions.

The one or more non-natural amino acids are located at selected site-specific positions in at least one polypeptide chain of the antibody. The polypeptide chain can be any polypeptide chain of the antibody without limitation, including either light chain or either heavy chain. The site-specific position can be in any domain of the antibody, including any variable domain and any constant domain.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise one non-natural amino acid at a site-specific position. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise two non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise three non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise more than three non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise one or more non-natural amino acids each at a position selected from the group consisting of heavy chain or light chain residues HC-F404, HC-K121, HC-Y180, HC-F241, HC-221, LC-T22, LC-S7, LC-N152, LC-K42, LC-E161, LC-D170, HC-S136, HC-S25, HC-A40, HC-S119, HC-S190, HC-K222, HC-R19, HC-Y52, or HC-S70 according to the Kabat or Chothia or EU numbering scheme, or a post-translationally modified variant thereof. In these designations, HC indicates a heavy chain residue, and LC indicates a light chain residue.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are conjugates according to Formula (C1) or (C2):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, regioisomer, or tautomer thereof, wherein:

-   -   COMP is a residue of an anti-FOLR1 antibody;     -   PAY is a payload moiety;     -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, and W⁵ are each independently a single bond,         absent, or a divalent attaching group;     -   EG is absent, or an eliminator group;     -   each RT is a release trigger group, in the backbone of Formula         (C1) or (C2) or bonded to EG, wherein each RT is optional;     -   HP is a single bond, absent, or a divalent hydrophilic group;     -   SG is a single bond, absent, or a divalent spacer group; and     -   R is hydrogen, a terminal conjugating group, or a divalent         residue of a terminal conjugating group.

In some embodiments, a conjugate according to Formula (C1) or (C2) comprises n number of PAY moieties, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5. In some embodiments, n is 6. In some embodiments, n is 7. In some embodiments, n is 8.

Attaching Groups

Attaching groups facilitate incorporation of eliminator groups, release trigger groups, hydrophobic groups, spacer groups, and/or conjugating groups into a compound. Useful attaching groups are known to, and are apparent to, those of skill in the art. Examples of useful attaching groups are provided herein. In certain embodiments, attaching groups are designated W¹, W², W³, W⁴, or W⁵. In certain embodiments, an attaching group can comprise a divalent ketone, divalent ester, divalent ether, divalent amide, divalent amine, alkylene, arylene, sulfide, disulfide, carbonylene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments an attaching group can comprise —C(O)—, —O—, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)NH-alkyl-, —OC(O)NH—, —SC(O)NH—, —NH—, —NH-alkyl-, —N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)—, —S—, —S—S—, —OCH₂CH₂O—, or the reverse (e.g. —NHC(O)—) thereof, or a combination thereof.

Eliminator Groups

Eliminator groups facilitate separation of a biologically active portion of a compound or conjugate described herein from the remainder of the compound or conjugate in vivo and/or in vitro. Eliminator groups can also facilitate separation of a biologically active portion of a compound or conjugate described herein in conjunction with a release trigger group. For example, the eliminator group and the release trigger group can react in a Releasing Reaction to release a biologically active portion of a compound or conjugate described herein from the compound or conjugate in vivo and/or in vitro. Upon initiation of the Releasing Reaction by the release trigger, the eliminator group cleaves the biologically active moiety, or a prodrug form of the biologically active moiety, and forms a stable, non-toxic entity that has no further effect on the activity of the biologically active moiety.

In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is designated EG herein. Useful eliminator groups include those described herein. In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is:

wherein R^(EG) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, biphenyl, —CF₃, —NO₂, —CN, fluoro, bromo, chloro, alkoxyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkyl-C(O)O—, alkylamino-C(O)— and dialkylaminoC(O)—. In each structure, the phenyl ring can be bound to one, two, three, or in some cases, four R^(EG) groups. In the second and third structures, those of skill will recognize that EG is bonded to an RT that is not within the backbone of formula (C1) as indicated in the above description of formula (C1). In some embodiments, R^(EG) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, biphenyl, —CF₃, alkoxyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkyl-C(O)O—, alkylamino-C(O)— and dialkylaminoC(O)—. In further embodiments, R^(EG) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —NO₂, —CN, fluoro, bromo, and chloro. In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is

In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is

In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is

In some embodiments, the eliminator group is:

wherein Z may be CH or N, R^(EG) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, biphenyl, —CF₃, —NO₂, —CN, fluoro, bromo, chloro, alkoxyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkyl-C(O)O—, alkylamino-C(O)— and dialkylaminoC(O)—. In each structure, the phenyl ring can be bound to one, two, three, or in some cases, four R^(EG) groups. In the first and second structures, those of skill will recognize that EG is bonded to an RT that is not within the backbone of formula (C1) as indicated in the above description of formula (C1). In some embodiments, R^(EG) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, biphenyl, —CF₃, alkoxyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkyl-C(O)O—, alkylamino-C(O)— and dialkylaminoC(O)—. In further embodiments, R^(EG) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —NO₂, —CN, fluoro, bromo, and chloro. In some embodiments, each R^(EG) in the EG is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is

In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is

In certain embodiments, the eliminator group is

Release Trigger Groups

Release trigger groups facilitate separation of a biologically active portion of a compound or conjugate described herein from the remainder of the compound or conjugate in vivo and/or in vitro. Release trigger groups can also facilitate separation of a biologically active portion of a compound or conjugate described herein in conjunction with an eliminator group. For example, the eliminator group and the release trigger group can react in a Releasing Reaction to release a biologically active portion of a compound or conjugate described herein from the compound or conjugate in vivo and/or in vitro. In certain embodiment, the release trigger can act through a biologically-driven reaction with high tumor:nontumor specificity, such as the proteolytic action of an enzyme overexpressed in a tumor environment.

In certain embodiments, the release trigger group is designated RT herein. In certain embodiments, RT is divalent and bonded within the backbone of formula (C1). In other embodiments, RT is monovalent and bonded to EG as depicted above. Useful release trigger groups include those described herein. In certain embodiments, the release trigger group comprises a residue of a natural or non-natural amino acid or residue of a sugar ring. In certain embodiments, the release trigger group is:

Those of skill will recognize that the first structure is divalent and can be bonded within the backbone of Formula (C1) or as depicted in Formula (C2), and that the second structure is monovalent and can be bonded to EG as depicted in formula (C1) above. In certain embodiments, the release trigger group is

In certain embodiments, the release trigger group is

In some embodiments, the release trigger group is a protease-cleavable R₁-Val-X peptide having the structure of:

wherein R₁ is H or

and R₂ is CH₃, CH₂CH₂CO₂H, or (CH₂)₃NHCONH₂; a legumain-cleavable Ala-Ala-Asn or Ala-Ala-Asp peptide having the structure of:

where Z is OH or NH₂; or a β-glucuronidase-cleavable β-glucuronide having the structure of:

Those of skill will recognize that

are divalent structures and can be bonded within the backbone of Formula (C1) or as depicted in Formula (C2). The structure

is monovalent and can be bonded to EG as depicted in formula (C1) above.

Hydrophilic Groups

Hydrophilic groups facilitate increasing the hydrophilicity of the compounds described herein. It is believed that increased hydrophilicity allows for greater solubility in aqueous solutions, such as aqueous solutions found in biological systems. Hydrophilic groups can also function as spacer groups, which are described in further detail herein.

In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic group is designated HP herein. Useful hydrophilic groups include those described herein. In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic group is a divalent poly(ethylene glycol). In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic group is a divalent poly(ethylene glycol) according to the formula:

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 13, optionally 1 to 4, optionally 2 to 4, or optionally 4 to 8.

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group is a divalent poly(ethylene glycol) having the following formula:

In some other embodiments, the hydrophilic group is a divalent poly(ethylene glycol) having the following formula:

In other embodiments, the hydrophilic group is a divalent poly(ethylene glycol) having the following formula:

In other embodiments, the hydrophilic group is a divalent poly(ethylene glycol) having the following formula:

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group can bear a chain-presented sulfonic acid having the formula:

Spacer Groups

Spacer groups facilitate spacing of the conjugating group from the other groups of the compounds described herein. This spacing can lead to more efficient conjugation of the compounds described herein to a second compound as well as more efficient cleavage of the active catabolite. The spacer group can also stabilize the conjugating group and lead to improved overall antibody-drug conjugate properties.

In certain embodiments, the spacer group is designated SP herein. Useful spacer groups include those described herein. In certain embodiments, the spacer group is:

In certain embodiments, the spacer group, W⁴, and the hydrophilic group combine to form a divalent poly(ethylene glycol) according to the formula:

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 13, optionally 1 to 4, optionally 2 to 4, or optionally 4 to 8.

In some embodiments, the SP is

In some embodiments, the divalent poly(ethylene glycol) has the following formula:

In some other embodiments, the divalent poly(ethylene glycol) has the following formula:

In other embodiments, the divalent poly(ethylene glycol) has the following formula:

In other embodiments, the divalent poly(ethylene glycol) has the following formula:

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group can bear a chain-presented sulfonic acid having the formula:

Conjugating Groups and Residues Thereof

Conjugating groups facilitate conjugation of the payloads described herein to a second compound, such as an antibody described herein. In certain embodiments, the conjugating group is designated R herein. Conjugating groups can react via any suitable reaction mechanism known to those of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a conjugating group reacts through a [3+2]alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder ligation reaction, thiol-electrophile reaction, or carbonyl-oxyamine reaction, as described in detail herein. In certain embodiments, the conjugating group comprises an alkyne, strained alkyne, tetrazine, thiol, para-acetyl-phenylalanine residue, oxyamine, maleimide, or azide. In certain embodiments, the conjugating group is:

wherein R²⁰¹ is lower alkyl. In an embodiment, R²⁰¹ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In an embodiment, R²⁰¹ is methyl. Additional conjugating groups are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0356385, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0189287, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0251783, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,703,936, 9,145,361, 9,222,940, and 8,431,558.

After conjugation, a divalent residue of the conjugating group is formed and is bonded to the residue of a second compound. The structure of the divalent residue is determined by the type of conjugation reaction employed to form the conjugate.

In certain embodiments when a conjugate is formed through a [3+2] alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, the divalent residue of the conjugating group comprises a triazole ring or fused cyclic group comprising a triazole ring. In certain embodiment when a conjugate is formed through a strain-promoted [3+2] alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction, the divalent residue of the conjugating group is:

In an embodiment, provided herein is a conjugate according to any of Formulas 101a-104b, where COMP indicates a residue of the anti-FOLR1 antibody and PAY indicates a payload moiety:

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the conjugate comprises n number of PAY moieties, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5. In some embodiments, n is 6. In some embodiments, n is 7. In some embodiments, n is 8.

In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below, at heavy chain position 404 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below, at heavy chain position 180 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below, at heavy chain position 241 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below, at heavy chain position 222 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below, at light chain position 7 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (30), below, at light chain position 42 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering system. In certain embodiments, PAY is selected from the group consisting of maytansine, hemiasterlin, amanitin, monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). In certain embodiments, the PAY is maytansine. In certain embodiments, PAY is hemiasterlin. In certain embodiments, PAY is amanitin. In certain embodiments, PAY is MMAF. In certain embodiments, PAY is MMAE.

In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below, at heavy chain position 404 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below, at heavy chain position 180 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below, at heavy chain position 241 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below, at heavy chain position 222 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below, at light chain position 7 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a residue of the non-natural amino acid according to Formula (56), below, at light chain position 42 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering system. In certain embodiments, PAY is selected from the group consisting of maytansine, hemiasterlin, amanitin, MMAF, and MMAE. In certain embodiments, the PAY is maytansine. In certain embodiments, PAY is hemiasterlin. In certain embodiments, PAY is amanitin. In certain embodiments, PAY is MMAF. In certain embodiments, PAY is MMAE.

In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a non-natural amino acid residue of para-azido-L-phenylalanine. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates the non-natural amino acid residue para-azido-phenylalanine at heavy chain position 404 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a non-natural amino acid residue of para-azido-L-phenylalanine at heavy chain position 180 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a non-natural amino acid residue para-azido-L-phenylalanine at heavy chain position 241 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a non-natural amino acid residue para-azido-L-phenylalanine at heavy chain position 222 according to the EU numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a non-natural amino acid residue para-azido-L-phenylalanine at light chain position 7 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering system. In particular embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates according to any of Formulas 101a-104b wherein COMP indicates a non-natural amino acid residue para-azido-L-phenylalanine at light chain position 42 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering system. In certain embodiments, PAY is selected from the group consisting of maytansine, hemiasterlin, amanitin, MMAF, and MMAE. In certain embodiments, the PAY is maytansine. In certain embodiments, PAY is hemiasterlin. In certain embodiments, PAY is amanitin. In certain embodiments, PAY is MMAF. In certain embodiments, PAY is MMAE.

In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates comprising a modified hemiasterlin and linker as described, for example, in PCT Publication No. WO 2016/123582. For example, the conjugate can have a structure comprising any of Formulas 1000-1000b, 1001-1001b, 1002-1002b, and I-XIXb-2, 101-111b, or 1-8b as described in PCT Publication No. WO 2016/2016/123582. Examples of conjugates comprising a modified hemiasterlin and linker are provided below.

In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates having the structure of Conjugate M:

where n is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, n is an integer from 1 to 4. In some embodiments, n is 2. For example, in some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has the structure: In some embodiments, n is 4. For example, in some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has the structure:

In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates having the structure of Conjugate P:

where n is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, n is an integer from 1 to 4. In some embodiments, n is 2. For example, in some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has the structure: In some embodiments, n is 4. For example, in some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has the structure:

In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-FOLR1 conjugates having the structure of Conjugate Q:

where n is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, n is an integer from 1 to 4. In some embodiments, n is 2. For example, in some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has the structure: In some embodiments, n is 4. For example, in some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has the structure:

In any of the foregoing embodiments wherein the anti-FOLR1 conjugate has a structure according to Conjugate M, Conjugate P, or Conjugate Q, the bracketed structure can be covalently bonded to one or more non-natural amino acids of the antibody, wherein the one or more non-natural amino acids are located at sites selected from the group consisting of: HC-F404, HC-Y180, and LC-K42 according to the Kabat or EU numbering scheme of Kabat. In some embodiments, the bracketed structure is covalently bonded to one or more non-natural amino acids at site HC-F404 of the antibody. In some embodiments, the bracketed structure is covalently bonded to one or more non-natural amino acids at site HC-Y180 of the antibody. In some embodiments, the bracketed structure is covalently bonded to one or more non-natural amino acids at site LC-K42 of the antibody. In some embodiments, the bracketed structure is covalently bonded to one or more non-natural amino acids at sites HC-F404 and HC-Y180 of the antibody. In some embodiments, at least one bracketed structure is covalently bonded to a non-natural amino acid at site HC-F404 of the antibody, and at least one bracketed structure is covalently bonded a non-natural amino acid at site HC-Y180 of the antibody. In some embodiments, the bracketed structure is covalently bonded to one or more non-natural amino acids at sites HC-Y180 and LC-K42 of the antibody. In some embodiments, at least one bracketed structure is covalently bonded to a non-natural amino acid at site HC-Y180 of the antibody, and at least one bracketed structure is covalently bonded a non-natural amino acid at site LC-K32 of the antibody.

3. Payloads

In addition to the payloads described above, the molecular payload can be any molecular entity that one of skill in the art might desire to conjugate to the polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the payload is a therapeutic moiety. In such embodiment, the antibody conjugate can be used to target the therapeutic moiety to its molecular target. In certain embodiments, the payload is a labeling moiety. In such embodiments, the antibody conjugate can be used to detect binding of the polypeptide to its target. In certain embodiments, the payload is a cytotoxic moiety. In such embodiments, the antibody conjugate can be used target the cytotoxic moiety to a diseased cell, for example a cancer cell, to initiate destruction or elimination of the cell. Conjugates comprising other molecular payloads apparent to those of skill in the art are within the scope of the conjugates described herein.

In certain embodiments, an antibody conjugate can have a payload selected from the group consisting of a label, a dye, a polymer, a water-soluble polymer, polyethylene glycol, a derivative of polyethylene glycol, a photocrosslinker, a cytotoxic compound, a radionuclide, a drug, an affinity label, a photoaffinity label, a reactive compound, a resin, a second protein or polypeptide or polypeptide analog, an antibody or antibody fragment, a metal chelator, a cofactor, a fatty acid, a carbohydrate, a polynucleotide, a DNA, a RNA, an antisense polynucleotide, a peptide, a water-soluble dendrimer, a cyclodextrin, an inhibitory ribonucleic acid, a biomaterial, a nanoparticle, a spin label, a fluorophore, a metal-containing moiety, a radioactive moiety, a novel functional group, a group that covalently or noncovalently interacts with other molecules, a photocaged moiety, a photoisomerizable moiety, biotin, a derivative of biotin, a biotin analogue, a moiety incorporating a heavy atom, a chemically cleavable group, a photocleavable group, an elongated side chain, a carbon-linked sugar, a redox-active agent, an amino thioacid, a toxic moiety, an isotopically labeled moiety, a biophysical probe, a phosphorescent group, a chemiluminescent group, an electron dense group, a magnetic group, an intercalating group, a chromophore, an energy transfer agent, a biologically active agent, a detectable label, a small molecule, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the payload is a label, a dye, a polymer, a cytotoxic compound, a radionuclide, a drug, an affinity label, a resin, a protein, a polypeptide, a polypeptide analog, an antibody, antibody fragment, a metal chelator, a cofactor, a fatty acid, a carbohydrate, a polynucleotide, a DNA, a RNA, a peptide, a fluorophore, or a carbon-linked sugar. In another embodiment, the payload is a label, a dye, a polymer, a drug, an antibody, antibody fragment, a DNA, an RNA, or a peptide.

4. Linkers

In certain embodiments, the antibodies can be linked to the payloads with one or more linkers capable of reacting with an antibody amino acid and with a payload group. The one or more linkers can be any linkers apparent to those of skill in the art.

The term “linker” is used herein to refer to groups or bonds that normally are formed as the result of a chemical reaction and typically are covalent linkages.

Useful linkers include those described herein. In certain embodiments, the linker is any divalent or multivalent linker known to those of skill in the art. Useful divalent linkers include alkylene, substituted alkylene, heteroalkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarlyene, and substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, the linker is C₁₋₁₀ alkylene or C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, the C₁₋₁₀heteoalkylene is PEG.

In certain embodiments, the linker is hydrolytically stable. Hydrolytically stable linkages means that the linkages are substantially stable in water and do not react with water at useful pH values, including but not limited to, under physiological conditions for an extended period of time, perhaps even indefinitely. In certain embodiments, the linker is hydrolytically unstable. Hydrolytically unstable or degradable linkages mean that the linkages are degradable in water or in aqueous solutions, including for example, blood. Enzymatically unstable or degradable linkages mean that the linkage can be degraded by one or more enzymes.

As understood in the art, PEG and related polymers may include degradable linkages in the polymer backbone or in the linker group between the polymer backbone and one or more of the terminal functional groups of the polymer molecule. For example, ester linkages formed by the reaction of PEG carboxylic acids or activated PEG carboxylic acids with alcohol groups on a biologically active agent generally hydrolyze under physiological conditions to release the agent.

Other hydrolytically degradable linkages include, but are not limited to, carbonate linkages; imine linkages resulted from reaction of an amine and an aldehyde; phosphate ester linkages formed by reacting an alcohol with a phosphate group; hydrazone linkages which are reaction product of a hydrazide and an aldehyde; acetal linkages that are the reaction product of an aldehyde and an alcohol; orthoester linkages that are the reaction product of a formate and an alcohol; peptide linkages formed by an amine group, including but not limited to, at an end of a polymer such as PEG, and a carboxyl group of a peptide; and oligonucleotide linkages formed by a phosphoramidite group, including but not limited to, at the end of a polymer, and a 5′ hydroxyl group of an oligonucleotide.

A number of different cleavable linkers are known to those of skill in the art. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,618,492; 4,542,225, and 4,625,014. The mechanisms for release of an agent from these linker groups include, for example, irradiation of a photolabile bond and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,958, for example, includes a description of immunoconjugates comprising linkers which are cleaved at the target site in vivo by the proteolytic enzymes of the patient's complement system. The length of the linker may be predetermined or selected depending upon a desired spatial relationship between the polypeptide and the molecule linked to it. In view of the large number of methods that have been reported for attaching a variety of radiodiagnostic compounds, radiotherapeutic compounds, drugs, toxins, and other agents to polypeptides one skilled in the art will be able to determine a suitable method for attaching a given agent to a polypeptide.

The linker may have a wide range of molecular weight or molecular length. Larger or smaller molecular weight linkers may be used to provide a desired spatial relationship or conformation between the polypeptide and the linked entity. Linkers having longer or shorter molecular length may also be used to provide a desired space or flexibility between the polypeptide and the linked entity. Similarly, a linker having a particular shape or conformation may be utilized to impart a particular shape or conformation to the polypeptide or the linked entity, either before or after the polypeptide reaches its target. The functional groups present on each end of the linker may be selected to modulate the release of a polypeptide or a payload under desired conditions. This optimization of the spatial relationship between the polypeptide and the linked entity may provide new, modulated, or desired properties to the molecule.

In some embodiments, provided herein water-soluble bifunctional linkers that have a dumbbell structure that includes: a) an azide, an alkyne, a hydrazine, a hydrazide, a hydroxylamine, or a carbonyl-containing moiety on at least a first end of a polymer backbone; and b) at least a second functional group on a second end of the polymer backbone. The second functional group can be the same or different as the first functional group. The second functional group, in some embodiments, is not reactive with the first functional group. In some embodiments, water-soluble compounds that comprise at least one arm of a branched molecular structure are provided. For example, the branched molecular structure can be a dendritic structure.

In some embodiments, the linker is derived from a linker precursor selected from the group consisting of: N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP), N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB), N-succinimidyl-4-(2-pyridyldithio)-2-sulfo-butanoate (sulfo-SPDB), N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), maleimide PEG NHS, N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC), N-sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) or 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 17-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-5,8,11,14-tetraoxo-4,7,10,13-tetraazaheptadecan-1-oate (CX1-1). In a specific embodiment, the linker is derived from the linker precursor N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC).

In some embodiments, the linker is derived from a linker precursor selected from the group consisting of dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides. In such embodiments, the linker can be cleaved by a protease. Exemplary dipeptides include, but are not limited to, valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit), alanine-phenylalanine (af or ala-phe); phenylalanine-lysine (fk or phe-lys); phenylalanine-homolysine (phe-homolys); and N-methyl-valine-citrulline (Me-val-cit). Exemplary tripeptides include, but are not limited to, glycine-valine-citrulline (gly-val-cit), glycine-glycine-glycine (gly-gly-gly), and glycine-methoxyethoxyethyl)serine-valine (gly-val-citalanine OMESerValAla).

In some embodiments, a linker comprises a self-immolative spacer. In certain embodiments, the self-immolative spacer comprises p-aminobenzyl. In some embodiments, a p-aminobenzyl alcohol is attached to an amino acid unit via an amide bond, and a carbamate, methylcarbamate, or carbonate is made between the benzyl alcohol and the payload (Hamann et al. (2005) Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2005) 15:1087-1103). In some embodiments, the linker comprises p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB). Other examples of self-immolative spacers include, but are not limited to, aromatic compounds that are electronically similar to the PAB group, such as 2-aminoimidazol-5-methanol derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 7,375,078; Hay et al. (1999) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9:2237) and ortho- or para-aminobenzylacetals. In some embodiments, spacers can be used that undergo cyclization upon amide bond hydrolysis, such as substituted and unsubstituted 4-aminobutyric acid amides (Rodrigues et al. (1995) Chemistry Biology 2:223), appropriately substituted bicyclo[2.2.1] and bicyclo[2.2.2] ring systems (Storm et al. (1972) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94:5815) and 2-aminophenylpropionic acid amides (Amsberry, et al. (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55:5867). Linkage of a drug to the a-carbon of a glycine residue is another example of a self-immolative spacer that may be useful in conjugates (Kingsbury et al. (1984) J. Med. Chem. 27:1447).

In certain embodiments, linker precursors can be combined to form larger linkers. For instance, in certain embodiments, linkers comprise the dipeptide valine-citrulline and p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl. These are also referenced as citValCit-PAB linkers.

In certain embodiments, the payloads can be linked to the linkers, referred to herein as a linker-payload, with one or more linker groups capable of reacting with an antibody amino acid group. The one or more linkers can be any linkers apparent to those of skill in the art or those set forth herein.

Additional linkers are disclosed herein, such as, for example, the linker precursors (A)-(L) described below.

5. Antibody Specificity

The conjugates comprise antibodies that selectively bind human folate receptor alpha. In some aspects, the antibody selectively binds to the extracellular domain of human folate receptor alpha (human FOLR1).

In some embodiments, the antibody binds to a homolog of human FOLR1. In some aspects, the antibody binds to a homolog of human FOLR1 from a species selected from monkeys, mice, dogs, cats, rats, cows, horses, goats and sheep. In some aspects, the homolog is a cynomolgus monkey homolog. In some aspects, the homolog is a mouse or murine analog.

In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise at least one CDR sequence defined by a consensus sequence provided in this disclosure. In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise an illustrative CDR, V_(H), or V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure, or a variant thereof. In some aspects, the variant is a variant with a conservative amino acid substitution.

In some embodiments, the antibody has one or more CDRs having particular lengths, in terms of the number of amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the Chothia CDR-H1 of the antibody is 6, 7, or 8 residues in length. In some embodiments, the Kabat CDR-H1 of the antibody is 4, 5, or 6 residues in length. In some embodiments, the Chothia CDR-H2 of the antibody is 5, 6, or 7 residues in length. In some embodiments, the Kabat CDR-H2 of the antibody is 16, 17, or 18 residues in length. In some embodiments, the Kabat/Chothia CDR-H3 of the antibody is 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17 residues in length.

In some aspects, the Kabat/Chothia CDR-L1 of the antibody is 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 residues in length. In some aspects, the Kabat/Chothia CDR-L2 of the antibody is 6, 7, or 8 residues in length. In some aspects, the Kabat/Chothia CDR-L3 of the antibody is 8, 9, or 10 residues in length.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain. In some aspects, the light chain is a kappa light chain. In some aspects, the light chain is a lambda light chain.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgA. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgD. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgE. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgM. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG1. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG2. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG3. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG4. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgA1. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgA2.

In some embodiments, the antibody is an antibody fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is an Fv fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is a Fab fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is a F(ab′)₂ fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is a Fab′ fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is an scFv (sFv) fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is an scFv-Fc fragment.

In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.

In some embodiments, the antibody is a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human antibody.

In some embodiments, the antibody is an affinity matured antibody. In some aspects, the antibody is an affinity matured antibody derived from an illustrative sequence provided in this disclosure.

The antibodies provided herein may be useful for the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions including cancers. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein may be useful for the treatment of cancers of solid tumors. For example, the antibodies provided herein can be useful for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

5.1 CDR-H3 Sequences

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a CDR-H3 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs.: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 240-298. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 255. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 294.

5.2 V_(H) Sequences Comprising Illustrative CDRs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising one or more CDR-H sequences comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more illustrative CDR-H sequences provided in this disclosure, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, the CDR-H sequences comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of one or more CDR-H sequences provided in a V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.1. V_(H) Sequences Comprising Illustrative Kabat CDRs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising one or more Kabat CDR-H sequences comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more illustrative Kabat CDR-H sequences provided in this disclosure, and variants thereof.

5.2.1.1. Kabat CDR-H3

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a CDR-H3 sequence, wherein the CDR-H3 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H3 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 240-298. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 255. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 294.

5.2.1.2. Kabat CDR-H2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a CDR-H2 sequence, wherein the CDR-H2 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H2 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 181-239. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 196. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 235.

5.2.1.3. Kabat CDR-H1

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a CDR-H1 sequence, wherein the CDR-H1 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H1 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 63-121. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 78. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 117.

5.2.1.4. Kabat CDR-H3+Kabat CDR-H2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298, and a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 181-239. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H3 sequence and the Kabat CDR-H2 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H3 and Kabat CDR-H2 are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.1.5. Kabat CDR-H3+Kabat CDR-H1

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298, and a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 63-121. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H3 sequence and the Kabat CDR-H1 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H3 and Kabat CDR-H1 are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.1.6. Kabat CDR-H1+Kabat CDR-H2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 63-121 and a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 181-239. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H1 sequence and the Kabat CDR-H2 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H1 and Kabat CDR-H2 are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.1.7. Kabat CDR-H1+Kabat CDR-H2+Kabat CDR-H3

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 63-121, a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 181-239, and a Kabat CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298. In some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H1 sequence, Kabat CDR-H2 sequence, and Kabat CDR-H3 sequence are all from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Kabat CDR-H1, Kabat CDR-H2, and Kabat CDR-H3 are all from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.2. V_(H) Sequences Comprising Illustrative Chothia CDRs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising one or more Chothia CDR-H sequences comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more illustrative Chothia CDR-H sequences provided in this disclosure, and variants thereof.

5.2.2.1. Chothia CDR-H3

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a CDR-H3 sequence, wherein the CDR-H3 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H3 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 255. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 294.

5.2.2.2. Chothia CDR-H2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a CDR-H2 sequence, wherein the CDR-H2 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H2 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 122-180. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 137. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 176.

5.2.2.3. Chothia CDR-H1

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a CDR-H1 sequence, wherein the CDR-H1 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(H) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H1 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 4-62. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 58.

5.2.2.4. Chothia CDR-H3+Chothia CDR-H2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298, and a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 122-180. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H3 sequence and the Chothia CDR-H2 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H3 and Chothia CDR-H2 are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.2.5. Chothia CDR-H3+Chothia CDR-H1

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298, and a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 4-62. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H3 sequence and the Chothia CDR-H1 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H3 and Chothia CDR-H1 are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.2.6. Chothia CDR-H1+Chothia CDR-H2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 4-62 and a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 122-180. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H1 sequence and the Chothia CDR-H2 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H1 and Chothia CDR-H2 are both from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.2.2.7. Chothia CDR-H1+Chothia CDR-H2+Chothia CDR-H3

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 4-62, a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 122-180, and a Chothia CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-298. In some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H1 sequence, Chothia CDR-H2 sequence, and Chothia CDR-H3 sequence are all from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the Chothia CDR-H1, Chothia CDR-H2, and Chothia CDR-H3 are all from a single illustrative V_(H) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

5.3. V_(H) Sequences

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a V_(H) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs: 308-366.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 308-366. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 323. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 362.

5.3.1. Variants of V_(H) Sequences

In some embodiments, the V_(H) sequences provided herein comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of a variant of an illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure.

In some aspects, the V_(H) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a variant of an illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. In some aspects, the V_(H) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identity with any of the illustrative V_(H) sequences provided in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the V_(H) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of any of the illustrative V_(H) sequences provided in this disclosure having 20 or fewer, 19 or fewer, 18 or fewer, 17 or fewer, 16 or fewer, 15 or fewer, 14 or fewer, 13 or fewer, 12 or fewer, 11 or fewer, 10 or fewer, 9 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 7 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 5 or fewer, 4 or fewer, 3 or fewer, 2 or fewer, or 1 or fewer amino acid substitutions. In some aspects, the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.

5.4. CDR-L3 Sequences

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a CDR-L3 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(L) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence of a V_(L) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 305-307. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 305. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 306. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 307.

5.5. V_(L) Sequences Comprising Illustrative CDRs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising one or more CDR-L sequences comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more illustrative CDR-L sequences provided in this disclosure, and variants thereof.

5.5.1. CDR-L3

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence, wherein the CDR-L3 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a CDR-L3 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(L) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence of a V_(L) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 305-307. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 305. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 306. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 307.

5.5.2. CDR-L2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L2 sequence, wherein the CDR-L2 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a CDR-L2 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(L) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence of a V_(L) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 302-304. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 302. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 303. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 304.

5.5.3. CDR-L1

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence, wherein the CDR-L1 sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a CDR-L1 sequence of an illustrative antibody or V_(L) sequence provided herein. In some aspects, the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence of a V_(L) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 299-301. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 299. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 300. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 301.

5.5.4. CDR-L3+CDR-L2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 305-307 and a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 302-304. In some aspects, the CDR-L3 sequence and the CDR-L2 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the CDR-L3 and CDR-L2 are both from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

5.5.5. CDR-L3+CDR-L1

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 305-307 and a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 299-301. In some aspects, the CDR-L3 sequence and the CDR-L1 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the CDR-L3 and CDR-L 1 are both from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

5.5.6. CDR-L1+CDR-L2

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 299-301 and a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 302-304. In some aspects, the CDR-L1 sequence and the CDR-L2 sequence are both from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the CDR-L1 and CDR-L2 are both from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

5.5.7. CDR-L1+CDR-L2+CDR-L3

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 299-301, a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 302-304, and a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 305-307. In some aspects, the CDR-L1 sequence, CDR-L2 sequence, and CDR-L3 sequence are all from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure. For example, in some aspects, the CDR-L1, CDR-L2, and CDR-L3 are all from a single illustrative V_(L) sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

5.6. V_(L) Sequences

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a V_(L) sequence provided in SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs.: 367-369. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 367. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 368. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a V_(L) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 369.

5.6.1. Variants of V_(L) Sequences

In some embodiments, the V_(L) sequences provided herein comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of a variant of an illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure.

In some aspects, the V_(L) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a variant of an illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure. In some aspects, the V_(L) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identity with any of the illustrative V_(L) sequences provided in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the V_(L) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of any of the illustrative V_(L) sequences provided in this disclosure having 20 or fewer, 19 or fewer, 18 or fewer, 17 or fewer, 16 or fewer, 15 or fewer, 14 or fewer, 13 or fewer, 12 or fewer, 11 or fewer, 10 or fewer, 9 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 7 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 5 or fewer, 4 or fewer, 3 or fewer, 2 or fewer, or 1 or fewer amino acid substitutions. In some aspects, the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.

5.7. Pairs 5.7.1. CDR-H3 CDR-L3 Pairs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-H3 sequence and a CDR-L3 sequence. In some aspects, the CDR-H3 sequence is part of a V_(H) and the CDR-L3 sequence is part of a V_(L).

In some aspects, the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 240-298, and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

In some aspects, the CDR-H3-CDR-L3 pairs are selected from SEQ ID NO: 305 and SEQ ID NO: 255; and SEQ ID NO: 305 and SEQ ID NO: 294.

In some aspects, the CDR-H3-CDR-L3 pairs are selected from SEQ ID NO: 306 and SEQ ID NO: 255; and SEQ ID NO: 306 and SEQ ID NO: 294.

In some aspects, the CDR-H3-CDR-L3 pairs are selected from SEQ ID NO: 307 and SEQ ID NO: 255; and SEQ ID NO: 307 and SEQ ID NO: 294.

5.7.2. CDR-H1 CDR-L1 Pairs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-H1 sequence and a CDR-L1 sequence. In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is part of a V_(H) and the CDR-L1 sequence is part of a V_(L).

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 4-62, and the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 63-121, and the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301.

5.7.3. CDR-H2 CDR-L2 Pairs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-H2 sequence and a CDR-L2 sequence. In some aspects, the CDR-H2 sequence is part of a V_(H) and the CDR-L2 sequence is part of a V_(L).

In some aspects, the CDR-H2 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 122-180, and the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 181-239, and the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304.

5.7.4. V_(H) V_(L) Pairs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a V_(H) sequence and a V_(L) sequence.

In some aspects, the V_(H) sequence is a V_(H) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 308-366, and the V_(L) sequence is a V_(L) sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 367-369.

In some aspects, the V_(H)-V_(L) pairs are selected from SEQ ID NO: 367 and SEQ ID NO: 323; and SEQ ID NO: 367 and SEQ ID NO: 362.

In some aspects, the V_(H)-V_(L) pairs are selected from SEQ ID NO: 368 and SEQ ID NO: 323; and SEQ ID NO: 368 and SEQ ID NO: 362.

In some aspects, the V_(H)-V_(L) pairs are selected from SEQ ID NO: 369 and SEQ ID NO: 323; and SEQ ID NO: 369 and SEQ ID NO: 362.

5.7.4.1. Variants of V_(H) V_(L) Pairs

In some embodiments, the V_(H)-V_(L) pairs provided herein comprise a variant of an illustrative V_(H) and/or V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure.

In some aspects, the V_(H) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a variant of an illustrative V_(H) sequence provided in this disclosure. In some aspects, the V_(H) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.1% identity with any of the illustrative V_(H) sequences provided in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the V_(H) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of any of the illustrative V_(H) sequences provided in this disclosure having 20 or fewer, 19 or fewer, 18 or fewer, 17 or fewer, 16 or fewer, 15 or fewer, 14 or fewer, 13 or fewer, 12 or fewer, 11 or fewer, 10 or fewer, 9 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 7 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 5 or fewer, 4 or fewer, 3 or fewer, 2 or fewer, or 1 or fewer amino acid substitutions. In some aspects, the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.

In some aspects, the V_(L) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a variant of an illustrative V_(L) sequence provided in this disclosure. In some aspects, the V_(L) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identity with any of the illustrative V_(L) sequences provided in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the V_(L) sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of any of the illustrative V_(L) sequences provided in this disclosure having 20 or fewer, 19 or fewer, 18 or fewer, 17 or fewer, 16 or fewer, 15 or fewer, 14 or fewer, 13 or fewer, 12 or fewer, 11 or fewer, 10 or fewer, 9 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 7 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 5 or fewer, 4 or fewer, 3 or fewer, 2 or fewer, or 1 or fewer amino acid substitutions. In some aspects, the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.

5.8. Antibodies Comprising All Six CDRs

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a CDR-H1 sequence, a CDR-H2 sequence, a CDR-H3 sequence, a CDR-L1 sequence, and a CDR-L3 sequence. In some aspects, the CDR sequences are part of a V_(H) (for CDR-H) or V_(L) (for CDR-L).

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 4-62; the CDR-H2 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 122-180; the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 240-298; the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301; the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304; and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 19; the CDR-H2 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 137; the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 255; the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301; the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304; and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 58; the CDR-H2 sequence is a Chothia CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 176; the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 294; the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301; the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304; and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 63-121; the CDR-H2 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 181-239; the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 240-298; the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301; the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304; and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 78; the CDR-H2 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 196; the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 255; the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301; the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304; and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

In some aspects, the CDR-H1 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 117; the CDR-H2 sequence is a Kabat CDR-H2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 235; the CDR-H3 sequence is a CDR-H3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 294; the CDR-L1 sequence is a CDR-L1 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 299-301; the CDR-L2 sequence is a CDR-L2 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 302-304; and the CDR-L3 sequence is a CDR-L3 sequence comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOs: 305-307.

6. Germline

In some embodiments, the antibody that specifically binds folate receptor alpha is an antibody comprising a variable region that is encoded by a particular germline gene, or a variant thereof. The illustrative antibodies provided herein comprise variable regions that are encoded by the heavy chain variable region germline genes V_(H)1-18, V_(H)3-33, V_(H)2-5, V_(H)2-70, and V_(H)4-30-4. or variants thereof; and the light chain variable region germline genes Vκ1-5, Vκ3-11, Vκ2-20, Vκ1-33, and Vκ1-16, or variants thereof.

One of skill in the art would recognize that the CDR sequences provided herein may also be useful when combined with variable regions encoded by other variable region germline genes, or variants thereof. In particular, the CDR sequences provided herein may be useful when combined with variable regions encoded by variable region germline genes, or variants thereof, that are structurally similar to the variable region germline genes recited above. For example, in some embodiments, a CDR-H sequence provided herein may be combined with a variable region encoded by a variable region germline gene selected from the V_(H) 1, V_(H) 2, V_(H) 3, or V_(H) 4 families, or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, a CDR-L sequence provided herein may be combined with a variable region encoded by a variable region germline gene selected from the Vκ1, Vκ2, or Vκ3, or a variant thereof.

7. Affinity

In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for folate receptor alpha as indicated by K_(D), is less than about 10⁻⁵ M, less than about 10⁻⁶ M, less than about 10⁻⁷ M, less than about 10⁻⁸ M, less than about 10⁻⁹ M, less than about 10⁻¹⁰ M, less than about 10⁻¹¹ M, or less than about 10⁻¹² M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁷ M and 10⁻¹¹ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁷ M and 10⁻¹⁰ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁷ M and 10⁻⁹ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁷ M and 10⁻⁸ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁸ M and 10⁻¹¹ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁸ M and 10⁻¹⁰ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁹ M and 10⁻¹¹ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody is between about 10⁻⁹ M and 10⁻¹⁰ M.

In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., and as indicated by K_(D), is from about 0.36×10⁻⁹ M to about 2.21×10⁻⁹ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., and as indicated by K_(D), is from about 8.55×10⁻¹⁰ M to about 1.70×10⁻⁸ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., and as indicated by K_(D), is from about 5.71×10⁻¹⁰ M to about 2.58×10⁻⁸ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for human folate receptor alpha is about any of the K_(D) values reported for human folate receptor alpha in the examples below.

In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of at least about 10⁴ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of at least about 10⁵ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of at least about 10⁶ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of at least about 10⁷ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of at least about 10⁸ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of at least about 10⁹ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of between about 10⁴ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹ and about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of between about 10⁵ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹ and about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹×sec¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of between about 10⁶ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹ and about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹×sec¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) of between about 10⁷ M⁻¹×sec¹ and about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹×sec¹.

In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) when associating with human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., of from about 4.44×10⁵ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹ to about 1.61×10⁵ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) when associating with human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., of from about 2.90×10⁵ M⁻¹×sec⁻¹ to about 9.64×10⁹ M⁻¹×sec¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(a) when associating with human folate receptor alpha of about any of the k_(a) values reported for human folate receptor alpha in the examples below.

In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) of about 10⁻⁵ sec⁻¹ or less. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) of about 10⁻⁴ sec⁻¹ or less. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) of about 10⁻³ sec⁻¹ or less. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) of between about 10⁻² sec⁻¹ and about 10⁻⁵ sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) of between about 10⁻² sec⁻¹ and about 10⁻⁴ sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) of between about 10^(0.3) sec⁻¹ and about 10⁻⁵ sec¹.

In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) when dissociating from human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., of from about 8.66×10⁻⁴ sec⁻¹ to about 1.08×10⁻² sec⁻¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) when dissociating from human folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., of from about 2.28×10⁴ sec⁻¹ to about 4.82×10¹ sec¹. In some embodiments the antibody has a k_(d) when dissociating from human folate receptor alpha of about any of the k_(d) values reported for human folate receptor alpha in the examples below.

In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for cynomolgus folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., and as indicated by K_(D), is from about 0.19×10⁻⁹ M to about 2.84×10⁻⁹ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for cynomolgus folate receptor alpha is about any of the K_(D) values reported for cynomolgus folate receptor alpha in the examples below.

In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for mouse folate receptor alpha, as determined by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., and as indicated by K_(D), is from about 0.5×10⁻⁹ M to about 9.07×10⁻⁸ M. In some embodiments, the affinity of the antibody for mouse folate receptor alpha is about any of the K_(D) values reported for mouse folate receptor alpha in the examples below.

In some aspects, the K_(D), k_(a), and k_(d) are determined at 25° C. In some embodiments, the K_(D), k_(a), and k_(d) are determined by surface plasmon resonance. In some embodiments, the K_(D), k_(a), and k_(d) are determined according to the methods described in the Examples provided herein.

8. Epitope Bins

In some embodiments, the antibody binds the same epitope as an antibody encompassing any of SEQ ID NOs: 308-366. In some embodiments, the antibody binds the same epitope as an antibody comprising any of the V_(H)-V_(L) pairs, above. In some embodiments, the antibody competes for epitope binding with an antibody encompassing any of SEQ ID NOs: 308-366. In some embodiments, the antibody competes for epitope binding with an antibody comprising any of the V_(H)-V_(L) pairs, above.

9. Glycosylation Variants

In certain embodiments, an antibody may be altered to increase, decrease or eliminate the extent to which it is glycosylated. Glycosylation of polypeptides is typically either “N-linked” or “O-linked.”

“N-linked” glycosylation refers to the attachment of a carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site.

“O-linked” glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.

Addition or deletion of N-linked glycosylation sites to the antibody may be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences is created or removed. Addition or deletion of O-linked glycosylation sites may be accomplished by addition, deletion, or substitution of one or more serine or threonine residues in or to (as the case may be) the sequence of an antibody.

10. Fc Variants

In certain embodiments, amino acid modifications may be introduced into the Fc region of an antibody provided herein to generate an Fc region variant. In certain embodiments, the Fc region variant possesses some, but not all, effector functions. Such antibodies may be useful, for example, in applications in which the half-life of the antibody in vivo is important, yet certain effector functions are unnecessary or deleterious. Examples of effector functions include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-directed complement-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Numerous substitutions or substitutions or deletions with altered effector function are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the Fc comprises one or more modifications in at least one of the C_(H)3 sequences. In some embodiments, the Fc comprises one or more modifications in at least one of the C_(H)2 sequences. For example, the Fc can include one or modifications selected from the group consisting of: V262E, V262D, V262K, V262R, V262S, V264S, V303R, and V305R. In some embodiments, an Fc is a single polypeptide. In some embodiments, an Fc is multiple peptides, e.g., two polypeptides. Exemplary modifications in the Fc region are described, for example, in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/037545, filed Jun. 14, 2017.

An alteration in CDC and/or ADCC activity can be confirmed using in vitro and/or in vivo assays. For example, Fc receptor (FcR) binding assays can be conducted to measure FcγR binding. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express FcγRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Ravetch and Kinet, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 1991, 9:457-492, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Non-limiting examples of in vitro assays to assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,362 and 5,821,337; Hellstrom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1986, 83:7059-7063; Hellstrom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1985, 82:1499-1502; and Bruggemann et al., J. Exp. Med., 1987, 166:1351-1361; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, using an animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1998, 95:652-656, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

C1q binding assays may also be carried out to confirm that the antibody is unable to bind C1q and hence lacks CDC activity. Examples of C1q binding assays include those described in WO 2006/029879 and WO 2005/100402, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Complement activation assays include those described, for example, in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1996, 202:163-171; Cragg et al., Blood, 2003, 101:1045-1052; and Cragg and Glennie, Blood, 2004, 103:2738-2743; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FcRn binding and in vivo clearance (half-life determination) can also be measured, for example, using the methods described in Petkova et al., Intl. Immunol., 2006, 18:1759-1769, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

11. Modified Amino Acids

When the antibody conjugate comprises a modified amino acid, the modified amino acid can be any modified amino acid deemed suitable by the practitioner. In particular embodiments, the modified amino acid comprises a reactive group useful for forming a covalent bond to a linker precursor or to a payload precursor. In certain embodiments, the modified amino acid is a non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the reactive group is selected from the group consisting of amino, carboxy, acetyl, hydrazino, hydrazido, semicarbazido, sulfanyl, azido and alkynyl. Modified amino acids are also described in, for example, WO 2013/185115 and WO 2015/006555, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In certain embodiments, the amino acid residue is according to any of the following formulas:

Those of skill in the art will recognize that antibodies are generally comprised of L-amino acids However, with non-natural amino acids, the present methods and compositions provide the practitioner with the ability to use L-, D- or racemic non-natural amino acids at the site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the non-natural amino acids described herein include D-versions of the natural amino acids and racemic versions of the natural amino acids.

In the above formulas, the wavy lines indicate bonds that connect to the remainder of the polypeptide chains of the antibodies. These non-natural amino acids can be incorporated into polypeptide chains just as natural amino acids are incorporated into the same polypeptide chains. In certain embodiments, the non-natural amino acids are incorporated into the polypeptide chain via amide bonds as indicated in the formulas.

In the above formulas R designates any functional group without limitation, so long as the amino acid residue is not identical to a natural amino acid residue. In certain embodiments, R can be a hydrophobic group, a hydrophilic group, a polar group, an acidic group, a basic group, a chelating group, a reactive group, a therapeutic moiety or a labeling moiety. In certain embodiments, R is selected from the group consisting of R¹NR²R³, R¹C(═O)R², R¹C(═O)OR², R¹N3, R¹C(—CH). In these embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene. R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and heteroalkyl.

In some embodiments, the non-naturally encoded amino acids include side chain functional groups that react efficiently and selectively with functional groups not found in the 20 common amino acids (including but not limited to, azido, ketone, aldehyde and aminooxy groups) to form stable conjugates. For example, antigen-binding polypeptide that includes a non-naturally encoded amino acid containing an azido functional group can be reacted with a polymer (including but not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol) or, alternatively, a second polypeptide containing an alkyne moiety to form a stable conjugate resulting for the selective reaction of the azide and the alkyne functional groups to form a Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition product.

Exemplary non-naturally encoded amino acids that may be suitable for use in the present invention and that are useful for reactions with water soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, those with carbonyl, aminooxy, hydrazine, hydrazide, semicarbazide, azide and alkyne reactive groups. In some embodiments, non-naturally encoded amino acids comprise a saccharide moiety. Examples of such amino acids include N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-galactosaminyl -L-serine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-threonine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-asparagine and O-mannosaminyl-L-serine. Examples of such amino acids also include examples where the naturally-occurring N- or O-linkage between the amino acid and the saccharide is replaced by a covalent linkage not commonly found in nature-including but not limited to, an alkene, an oxime, a thioether, an amide and the like. Examples of such amino acids also include saccharides that are not commonly found in naturally-occurring proteins such as 2-deoxy-glucose, 2-deoxygalactose and the like.

Many of the non-naturally encoded amino acids provided herein are commercially available, e.g., from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA), Novabiochem (a division of EMD Biosciences, Darmstadt, Germany), or Peptech (Burlington, Mass., USA). Those that are not commercially available are optionally synthesized as provided herein or using standard methods known to those of skill in the art. For organic synthesis techniques, see, e.g., Organic Chemistry by Fessendon and Fessendon, (1982, Second Edition, Willard Grant Press, Boston Mass.); Advanced Organic Chemistry by March (Third Edition, 1985, Wiley and Sons, New York); and Advanced Organic Chemistry by Carey and Sundberg (Third Edition, Parts A and B, 1990, Plenum Press, New York). See, also, U.S. Patent Application Publications 2003/0082575 and 2003/0108885, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Many unnatural amino acids are based on natural amino acids, such as tyrosine, glutamine, phenylalanine, and the like, and are suitable for use in the present invention. Tyrosine analogs include, but are not limited to, para-substituted tyrosines, ortho-substituted tyrosines, and meta substituted tyrosines, where the substituted tyrosine comprises, including but not limited to, a keto group (including but not limited to, an acetyl group), a benzoyl group, an amino group, a hydrazine, an hydroxyamine, a thiol group, a carboxy group, an isopropyl group, a methyl group, a C₆-C₂₀ straight chain or branched hydrocarbon, a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, an O-methyl group, a polyether group, a nitro group, an alkynyl group or the like. In addition, multiply substituted aryl rings are also contemplated. Glutamine analogs that may be suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, α-hydroxy derivatives, γ-substituted derivatives, cyclic derivatives, and amide substituted glutamine derivatives. Example phenylalanine analogs that may be suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, para-substituted phenylalanines, ortho-substituted phenyalanines, and meta-substituted phenylalanines, where the substituent comprises, including but not limited to, a hydroxy group, a methoxy group, a methyl group, an allyl group, an aldehyde, an azido, an iodo, a bromo, a keto group (including but not limited to, an acetyl group), a benzoyl, an alkynyl group, or the like. Specific examples of unnatural amino acids that may be suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, a p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, an O-methyl-L-tyrosine, an L-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine, a 3-methyl-phenylalanine, an O-4-allyl-L-tyrosine, a 4-propyl-L-tyrosine, a tri-O-acetyl-GlcNAcp-serine, an L-Dopa, a fluorinated phenylalanine, an isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, a p-azido-L-phenylalanine, a p-azido-methyl-L-phenylalanine, a p-acyl-L-phenylalanine, a p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine, an L-phosphoserine, a phosphonoserine, a phosphonotyrosine, a p-iodo-phenylalanine, a p-bromophenylalanine, a p-amino-L-phenylalanine, an isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, and a p-propargyloxy-phenylalanine, and the like. Examples of structures of a variety of unnatural amino acids that may be suitable for use in the present invention are provided in, for example, WO 2002/085923 entitled “In vivo incorporation of unnatural amino acids.” See also Kiick et al., (2002) Incorporation of azides into recombinant proteins for chemoselective modification by the Staudinger ligation, PNAS 99:19-24, for additional methionine analogs.

Many of the unnatural amino acids suitable for use in the present invention are commercially available, e.g., from Sigma (USA) or Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis., USA). Those that are not commercially available are optionally synthesized as provided herein or as provided in various publications or using standard methods known to those of skill in the art. For organic synthesis techniques, see, e.g., Organic Chemistry by Fessendon and Fessendon, (1982, Second Edition, Willard Grant Press, Boston Mass.); Advanced Organic Chemistry by March (Third Edition, 1985, Wiley and Sons, New York); and Advanced Organic Chemistry by Carey and Sundberg (Third Edition, Parts A and B, 1990, Plenum Press, New York). Additional publications describing the synthesis of unnatural amino acids include, e.g., WO 2002/085923 entitled “In vivo incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids;” Matsoukas et al., (1995) J. Med. Chem., 38, 4660-4669; King, F. E. & Kidd, D. A. A. (1949) A New Synthesis of Glutamine and of γ-Dipeptides of Glutamic Acid from Phthylated Intermediates. J. Chem. Soc., 3315-3319; Friedman, O. M. & Chatterrji, R. (1959) Synthesis of Derivatives of Glutamine as Model Substrates for Anti-Tumor Agents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 3750-3752; Craig, J. C. et al. (1988) Absolute Configuration of the Enantiomers of 7-Chloro-4 [[4-(diethylamino)-1-methylbutyl]amino]quinoline (Chloroquine). J. Org. Chem. 53, 1167-1170; Azoulay, M., Vilmont, M. & Frappier, F. (1991) Glutamine analogues as Potential Antimalarials, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 26, 201-5; Koskinen, A. M. P. & Rapoport, H. (1989) Synthesis of 4-Substituted Prolines as Conformationally Constrained Amino Acid Analogues. J. Org. Chem. 54, 1859-1866; Christie, B. D. & Rapoport, H. (1985) Synthesis of Optically Pure Pipecolates from L-Asparagine. Application to the Total Synthesis of (+)-Apovincamine through Amino Acid Decarbonylation and Iminium Ion Cyclization. J. Org. Chem. 1989:1859-1866; Barton et al., (1987) Synthesis of Novel a-Amino-Acids and Derivatives Using Radical Chemistry: Synthesis of L- and D-a-Amino-Adipic Acids, L-a-aminopimelic Acid and Appropriate Unsaturated Derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:4297-4308; and, Subasinghe et al., (1992) Quisqualic acid analogues: synthesis of beta-heterocyclic 2-aminopropanoic acid derivatives and their activity at a novel quisqualate-sensitized site. J. Med. Chem. 35:4602-7. See also, patent applications entitled “Protein Arrays,” filed Dec. 22, 2003, Ser. No. 10/744,899 and Ser. No. 60/435,821 filed on Dec. 22, 2002.

Particular examples of useful non-natural amino acids include, but are not limited to, p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, O-methyl-L-tyrosine, L-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine, 3-methyl-phenylalanine, O-4-allyl-L-tyrosine, 4-propyl-L-tyrosine, tri-O-acetyl-GlcNAc b-serine, L-Dopa, fluorinated phenylalanine, isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, p-azido-methyl-L-phenylalanine, p-azido-L-phenylalanine, p-acyl-L-phenylalanine, p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine, L-phosphoserine, phosphonoserine, phosphonotyrosine, p-iodo-phenylalanine, p-bromophenylalanine, p-amino-L-phenylalanine, isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, and p-propargyloxy-phenylalanine. Further useful examples include N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-galactosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-threonine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-asparagine and O-mannosaminyl-L-serine.

In particular embodiments, the non-natural amino acids are selected from p-acetyl-phenylalanine, p-ethynyl-phenylalanine, p-propargyloxyphenylalanine, p-azido-methyl-phenylalanine, and p-azido-phenylalanine. One particularly useful non-natural amino acid is p-azido phenylalanine. This amino acid residue is known to those of skill in the art to facilitate Huisgen [3+2] cyloaddition reactions (so-called “click” chemistry reactions) with, for example, compounds bearing alkynyl groups. This reaction enables one of skill in the art to readily and rapidly conjugate to the antibody at the site-specific location of the non-natural amino acid.

In certain embodiments, the first reactive group is an alkynyl moiety (including but not limited to, in the unnatural amino acid p-propargyloxyphenylalanine, where the propargyl group is also sometimes referred to as an acetylene moiety) and the second reactive group is an azido moiety, and [3+2] cycloaddition chemistry can be used. In certain embodiments, the first reactive group is the azido moiety (including but not limited to, in the unnatural amino acid p-azido-L-phenylalanine) and the second reactive group is the alkynyl moiety.

In the above formulas, each L represents a divalent linker. The divalent linker can be any divalent linker known to those of skill in the art. Generally, the divalent linker is capable of forming covalent bonds to the functional moiety R and the cognate reactive group (e.g., alpha carbon) of the non-natural amino acid. Useful divalent linkers a bond, alkylene, substituted alkylene, heteroalkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarlyene and substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L is C₁₋₁₀ alkylene or C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene.

The non-natural amino acids used in the methods and compositions described herein have at least one of the following four properties: (1) at least one functional group on the sidechain of the non-natural amino acid has at least one characteristics and/or activity and/or reactivity orthogonal to the chemical reactivity of the 20 common, genetically-encoded amino acids (i.e., alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine), or at least orthogonal to the chemical reactivity of the naturally occurring amino acids present in the polypeptide that includes the non-natural amino acid; (2) the introduced non-natural amino acids are substantially chemically inert toward the 20 common, genetically-encoded amino acids; (3) the non-natural amino acid can be stably incorporated into a polypeptide, preferably with the stability commensurate with the naturally-occurring amino acids or under typical physiological conditions, and further preferably such incorporation can occur via an in vivo system; and (4) the non-natural amino acid includes an oxime functional group or a functional group that can be transformed into an oxime group by reacting with a reagent, preferably under conditions that do not destroy the biological properties of the polypeptide that includes the non-natural amino acid (unless of course such a destruction of biological properties is the purpose of the modification/transformation), or where the transformation can occur under aqueous conditions at a pH between about 4 and about 8, or where the reactive site on the non-natural amino acid is an electrophilic site. Any number of non-natural amino acids can be introduced into the polypeptide. Non-natural amino acids may also include protected or masked oximes or protected or masked groups that can be transformed into an oxime group after deprotection of the protected group or unmasking of the masked group. Non-natural amino acids may also include protected or masked carbonyl or dicarbonyl groups, which can be transformed into a carbonyl or dicarbonyl group after deprotection of the protected group or unmasking of the masked group and thereby are available to react with hydroxylamines or oximes to form oxime groups.

In further embodiments, non-natural amino acids that may be used in the methods and compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, amino acids comprising a photoactivatable cross-linker, spin-labeled amino acids, fluorescent amino acids, metal binding amino acids, metal-containing amino acids, radioactive amino acids, amino acids with novel functional groups, amino acids that covalently or non-covalently interact with other molecules, photocaged and/or photoisomerizable amino acids, amino acids comprising biotin or a biotin analogue, glycosylated amino acids such as a sugar substituted serine, other carbohydrate modified amino acids, keto-containing amino acids, aldehyde-containing amino acids, amino acids comprising polyethylene glycol or other polyethers, heavy atom substituted amino acids, chemically cleavable and/or photocleavable amino acids, amino acids with an elongated side chains as compared to natural amino acids, including but not limited to, polyethers or long chain hydrocarbons, including but not limited to, greater than about 5 or greater than about 10 carbons, carbon-linked sugar-containing amino acids, redox-active amino acids, amino thioacid containing amino acids, and amino acids comprising one or more toxic moiety.

In some embodiments, non-natural amino acids comprise a saccharide moiety. Examples of such amino acids include N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-galactosaminyl -L-serine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-threonine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-asparagine and O-mannosaminyl-L-serine. Examples of such amino acids also include examples where the naturally-occurring N- or O-linkage between the amino acid and the saccharide is replaced by a covalent linkage not commonly found in nature-including but not limited to, an alkene, an oxime, a thioether, an amide and the like. Examples of such amino acids also include saccharides that are not commonly found in naturally-occurring proteins such as 2-deoxy-glucose, 2-deoxygalactose and the like.

In particular embodiments, the non-natural amino acid is selected from the group consisting of:

or a salt thereof. Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.

In certain embodiments, the modified amino acid is according to any of formulas 51-62:

or a salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the non-natural amino acid is selected from the group consisting of compounds 30, 53, 56, 59, 60, 61, and 62 above. In certain embodiments, the non-natural amino acid is compound 30. In certain embodiments, the non-natural amino acid is compound 56. In some embodiments, the non-natural amino acid is compound 61. In some embodiments, the non-natural amino acid is compound 62.

12. Preparation of Antibody Conjugates

12.1. Antigen Preparation

The FOLR1 protein to be used for isolation of the antibodies may be intact FOLR1 or a fragment of FOLR1. The intact FOLR1 protein, or fragment of FOLR1, may be in the form of an isolated protein or protein expressed by a cell. Other forms of FOLR1 useful for generating antibodies will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

12.2. Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies may be obtained, for example, using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 1975, 256:495-497 (incorporated by reference in its entirety), and/or by recombinant DNA methods (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, incorporated by reference in its entirety). Monoclonal antibodies may also be obtained, for example, using phage or yeast-based libraries. See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,258,082 and 8,691,730, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal is immunized to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes are then fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell. See Goding J. W., Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice 3^(rd) ed. (1986) Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The hybridoma cells are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.

Useful myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive media conditions, such as the presence or absence of HAT medium. Among these, preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOP-21 and MC-11 mouse tumors (available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, Calif.), and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells (available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.). Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies. See e.g., Kozbor, J. Immunol., 1984, 133:3001, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

After the identification of hybridoma cells that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or biological activity, selected clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods. See Goding, supra. Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium. In addition, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.

DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies may be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the monoclonal antibodies). Thus, the hybridoma cells can serve as a useful source of DNA encoding antibodies with the desired properties. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli), yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces or Pichia sp.), COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce antibody, to produce the monoclonal antibodies.

12.3. Humanized Antibodies

Humanized antibodies may be generated by replacing most, or all, of the structural portions of a non-human monoclonal antibody with corresponding human antibody sequences. Consequently, a hybrid molecule is generated in which only the antigen-specific variable, or CDR, is composed of non-human sequence. Methods to obtain humanized antibodies include those described in, for example, Winter and Milstein, Nature, 1991, 349:293-299; Rader et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1998, 95:8910-8915; Steinberger et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275:36073-36078; Queen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1989, 86:10029-10033; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089, 5,693,761, 5,693,762, and 6,180,370; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

12.4. Human Antibodies

Human antibodies can be generated by a variety of techniques known in the art, for example by using transgenic animals (e.g., humanized mice). See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1993, 90:2551; Jakobovits et al., Nature, 1993, 362:255-258; Bruggermann et al., Year in Immuno., 1993, 7:33; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,669, 5,589,369 and 5,545,807; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Human antibodies can also be derived from phage-display libraries (see e.g., Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1991, 227:381-388; Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1991, 222:581-597; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,332 and 5,573,905; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). Human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,567,610 and 5,229,275, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). Human antibodies may also be derived from yeast-based libraries (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,691,730, incorporated by reference in its entirety).

12.5. Conjugation

The antibody conjugates can be prepared by standard techniques. In certain embodiments, an antibody is contacted with a payload precursor under conditions suitable for forming a bond from the antibody to the payload to form an antibody-payload conjugate. In certain embodiments, an antibody is contacted with a linker precursor under conditions suitable for forming a bond from the antibody to the linker. The resulting antibody-linker is contacted with a payload precursor under conditions suitable for forming a bond from the antibody-linker to the payload to form an antibody-linker-payload conjugate. In certain embodiments, a payload precursor is contacted with a linker precursor under conditions suitable for forming a bond from the payload to the linker. The resulting payload-linker is contacted with an antibody under conditions suitable for forming a bond from the payload-linker to the antibody to form an antibody-linker-payload conjugate. Suitable linkers for preparing the antibody conjugates are disclosed herein, and exemplary conditions for conjugation are described in the Examples below.

In some embodiments, an anti-FOLR1 conjugate is prepared by contacting an anti-FOLR1 antibody as disclosed herein with a linker precursor having a structure of any of (A)-(L):

In some embodiments, the stereochemistry of the linker precursors identified as (A)-(L) is identified with R and S notation for each chiral center, from left to right as depicted in formulas (A1)-(L1) and (A2)-(L2) illustrated below:

13. Vectors, Host Cells, and Recombinant Methods

Embodiments are also directed to the provision of isolated nucleic acids encoding anti-FOLR1 antibodies, vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acids, and recombinant techniques for the production of the antibodies.

For recombinant production of the antibody, the nucleic acid(s) encoding it may be isolated and inserted into a replicable vector for further cloning (i.e., amplification of the DNA) or expression. In some aspects, the nucleic acid may be produced by homologous recombination, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,244, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Many different vectors are known in the art. The vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,615, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Illustrative examples of suitable host cells are provided below. These host cells are not meant to be limiting.

Suitable host cells include any prokaryotic (e.g., bacterial), lower eukaryotic (e.g., yeast), or higher eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) cells. Suitable prokaryotes include eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia (E. coli), Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella (S. typhimurium), Serratia (S. marcescans), Shigella, Bacilli (B. subtilis and B. licheniformis), Pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa), and Streptomyces. One useful E. coli cloning host is E. coli 294, although other strains such as E. coli B, E. coli X1776, and E. coli W3110 are suitable.

In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are also suitable cloning or expression hosts for anti-FOLR1 antibody-encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is a commonly used lower eukaryotic host microorganism. However, a number of other genera, species, and strains are available and useful, such as Spodoptera frugiperda (e.g., SF9), Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces (K. lactis, K. fragilis, K. bulgaricus K. wickeramii, K. waltii, K. drosophilarum, K. thermotolerans, and K. marxianus), Yarrowia, Pichia pastoris, Candida (C. albicans), Trichoderma reesia, Neurospora crassa, Schwanniomyces (S. occidentalis), and filamentous fungi such as, for example Penicillium, Tolypocladium, and Aspergillus (A. nidulans and A. niger).

Useful mammalian host cells include COS-7 cells, HEK293 cells; baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells; Chinese hamster ovary (CHO); mouse sertoli cells; African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76), and the like.

The host cells used to produce the anti-FOLR1 antibody of this invention may be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such as, for example, Ham's F10, Minimal Essential Medium (MEM), RPMI-1640, and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) are suitable for culturing the host cells. In addition, any of the media described in Ham et al., Meth. Enz., 1979, 58:44; Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem., 1980, 102:255; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,767,704, 4,657,866, 4,927,762, 4,560,655, and 5,122,469, or WO 90/03430 and WO 87/00195 may be used. Each of the foregoing references is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics, trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art.

The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

When using recombinant techniques, the antibody can be produced intracellularly, in the periplasmic space, or directly secreted into the medium. If the antibody is produced intracellularly, as a first step, the particulate debris, either host cells or lysed fragments, is removed, for example, by centrifugation or ultrafiltration. For example, Carter et al. (Bio/Technology, 1992, 10:163-167) describes a procedure for isolating antibodies which are secreted to the periplasmic space of E. coli. Briefly, cell paste is thawed in the presence of sodium acetate (pH 3.5), EDTA, and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) over about 30 min. Cell debris can be removed by centrifugation.

In some embodiments, the antibody is produced in a cell-free system. In some aspects, the cell-free system is an in vitro transcription and translation system as described in Yin et al., mAbs, 2012, 4:217-225, incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some aspects, the cell-free system utilizes a cell-free extract from a eukaryotic cell or from a prokaryotic cell. In some aspects, the prokaryotic cell is E. coli. Cell-free expression of the antibody may be useful, for example, where the antibody accumulates in a cell as an insoluble aggregate, or where yields from periplasmic expression are low. The antibodies produced in a cell-free system may be aglycosylated depending on the source of the cells.

Where the antibody is secreted into the medium, supernatants from such expression systems are generally first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon® or Millipore® Pellcon® ultrafiltration unit. A protease inhibitor such as PMSF may be included in any of the foregoing steps to inhibit proteolysis and antibiotics may be included to prevent the growth of adventitious contaminants.

The antibody composition prepared from the cells can be purified using, for example, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography, with affinity chromatography being a particularly useful purification technique. The suitability of protein A as an affinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of any immunoglobulin Fc domain that is present in the antibody. Protein A can be used to purify antibodies that are based on human γ1, γ2, or γ4 heavy chains (Lindmark et al., J. Immunol. Meth., 1983, 62:1-13, incorporated by reference in its entirety). Protein G is useful for all mouse isotypes and for human γ3 (Guss et al., EMBO J., 1986, 5:1567-1575, incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are available. Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose. Where the antibody comprises a CH₃ domain, the BakerBond ABX® resin is useful for purification.

Other techniques for protein purification, such as fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation, Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin Sepharose®, chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation are also available, and can be applied by one of skill in the art.

Following any preliminary purification step(s), the mixture comprising the antibody of interest and contaminants may be subjected to low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography using an elution buffer at a pH between about 2.5 to about 4.5, generally performed at low salt concentrations (e.g., from about 0 to about 0.25 M salt).

14. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration

The antibody conjugates provided herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using methods available in the art and those disclosed herein. Any of the antibody conjugates provided herein can be provided in the appropriate pharmaceutical composition and be administered by a suitable route of administration.

The methods provided herein encompass administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one antibody conjugate provided herein and one or more compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In this context, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” includes a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete)), excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water can be used as a carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Martin, E. W., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

In clinical practice the pharmaceutical compositions or antibody conjugates provided herein may be administered by any route known in the art. Exemplary routes of administration include, but are not limited to, the inhalation, intraarterial, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, nasal, parenteral, pulmonary, and subcutaneous routes. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or antibody conjugate provided herein is administered parenterally.

The compositions for parenteral administration can be emulsions or sterile solutions. Parenteral compositions may include, for example, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, and injectable organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate). These compositions can also contain wetting, isotonizing, emulsifying, dispersing and stabilizing agents. Sterilization can be carried out in several ways, for example using a bacteriological filter, by radiation or by heating. Parenteral compositions can also be prepared in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved at the time of use in sterile water or any other injectable sterile medium.

In some embodiments, a composition provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition or a single unit dosage form. Pharmaceutical compositions and single unit dosage forms provided herein comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more prophylactic or therapeutic antibody conjugates.

The pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more pharmaceutical excipients. Any suitable pharmaceutical excipient may be used, and one of ordinary skill in the art is capable of selecting suitable pharmaceutical excipients. Non-limiting examples of suitable excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a subject and the specific antibody in the dosage form. The composition or single unit dosage form, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical excipients provided below are intended to be illustrative, and not limiting. Additional pharmaceutical excipients include, for example, those described in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Rowe et al. (Eds.) 6th Ed. (2009), incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an anti-foaming agent. Any suitable anti-foaming agent may be used. In some aspects, the anti-foaming agent is selected from an alcohol, an ether, an oil, a wax, a silicone, a surfactant, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the anti-foaming agent is selected from a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, ethylene bis stearamide, a paraffin wax, an ester wax, a fatty alcohol wax, a long chain fatty alcohol, a fatty acid soap, a fatty acid ester, a silicon glycol, a fluorosilicone, a polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol copolymer, polydimethylsiloxane-silicon dioxide, ether, octyl alcohol, capryl alcohol, sorbitan trioleate, ethyl alcohol, 2-ethyl-hexanol, dimethicone, oleyl alcohol, simethicone, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a co-solvent. Illustrative examples of co-solvents include ethanol, poly(ethylene) glycol, butylene glycol, dimethylacetamide, glycerin, and propylene glycol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a buffer. Illustrative examples of buffers include acetate, borate, carbonate, lactate, malate, phosphate, citrate, hydroxide, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, glycine, methionine, guar gum, and monosodium glutamate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier or filler. Illustrative examples of carriers or fillers include lactose, maltodextrin, mannitol, sorbitol, chitosan, stearic acid, xanthan gum, and guar gum.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a surfactant. Illustrative examples of surfactants include d-alpha tocopherol, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, docusate sodium, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl monooleate, lauric acid, macrogol 15 hydroxystearate, myristyl alcohol, phospholipids, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene stearates, polyoxylglycerides, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan esters, and vitamin E polyethylene(glycol) succinate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an anti-caking agent. Illustrative examples of anti-caking agents include calcium phosphate (tribasic), hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and magnesium oxide.

Other excipients that may be used with the pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, albumin, antioxidants, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, bioabsorbable polymers, chelating agents, controlled release agents, diluents, dispersing agents, dissolution enhancers, emulsifying agents, gelling agents, ointment bases, penetration enhancers, preservatives, solubilizing agents, solvents, stabilizing agents, and sugars. Specific examples of each of these agents are described, for example, in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Rowe et al. (Eds.) 6th Ed. (2009), The Pharmaceutical Press, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a solvent. In some aspects, the solvent is saline solution, such as a sterile isotonic saline solution or dextrose solution. In some aspects, the solvent is water for injection.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in a particulate form, such as a microparticle or a nanoparticle. Microparticles and nanoparticles may be formed from any suitable material, such as a polymer or a lipid. In some aspects, the microparticles or nanoparticles are micelles, liposomes, or polymersomes.

Further provided herein are anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising an antibody conjugate, since, in some embodiments, water can facilitate the degradation of some antibodies.

Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions. Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one active ingredient that comprises a primary or secondary amine can be anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.

An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition can be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions can be packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials), blister packs, and strip packs.

Lactose-free compositions provided herein can comprise excipients that are well known in the art and are listed, for example, in the U.S. Pharmocopia (USP) SP (XXI)/NF (XVI). In general, lactose-free compositions comprise an active ingredient, a binder/filler, and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable amounts. Exemplary lactose-free dosage forms comprise an active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose, pre gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.

Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that comprise one or more excipients that reduce the rate by which an antibody or antibody-conjugate will decompose. Such excipients, which are referred to herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.

14.1. Parenteral Dosage Forms

In certain embodiments, provided are parenteral dosage forms. Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to subjects by various routes including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous (including bolus injection), intramuscular, and intraarterial. Because their administration typically bypasses subjects' natural defenses against contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are typically, sterile or capable of being sterilized prior to administration to a subject. Examples of parenteral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection, suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions.

Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to: Water for Injection USP; aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water miscible vehicles such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.

Excipients that increase the solubility of one or more of the antibodies disclosed herein can also be incorporated into the parenteral dosage forms.

14.2. Dosage and Unit Dosage Forms

In human therapeutics, the doctor will determine the posology which he considers most appropriate according to a preventive or curative treatment and according to the age, weight, condition and other factors specific to the subject to be treated.

In certain embodiments, a composition provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition or a single unit dosage form. Pharmaceutical compositions and single unit dosage forms provided herein comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more prophylactic or therapeutic antibodies.

The amount of the antibody conjugate or composition which will be effective in the prevention or treatment of a disorder or one or more symptoms thereof will vary with the nature and severity of the disease or condition, and the route by which the antibody is administered. The frequency and dosage will also vary according to factors specific for each subject depending on the specific therapy (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic agents) administered, the severity of the disorder, disease, or condition, the route of administration, as well as age, body, weight, response, and the past medical history of the subject. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

In certain embodiments, exemplary doses of a composition include milligram or microgram amounts of the antibody per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 10 micrograms per kilogram to about 50 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 25 milligrams per kilogram, or about 100 microgram per kilogram to about 10 milligrams per kilogram). In certain embodiment, the dosage of the antibody conjugate provided herein, based on weight of the antibody, administered to prevent, treat, manage, or ameliorate a disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof in a subject is 0.1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg or more of a subject's body weight. In another embodiment, the dosage of the composition or a composition provided herein administered to prevent, treat, manage, or ameliorate a disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof in a subject is 0.1 mg to 200 mg, 0.1 mg to 100 mg, 0.1 mg to 50 mg, 0.1 mg to 25 mg, 0.1 mg to 20 mg, 0.1 mg to 15 mg, 0.1 mg to 10 mg, 0.1 mg to 7.5 mg, 0.1 mg to 5 mg, 0.1 to 2.5 mg, 0.25 mg to 20 mg, 0.25 to 15 mg, 0.25 to 12 mg, 0.25 to 10 mg, 0.25 mg to 7.5 mg, 0.25 mg to 5 mg, 0.25 mg to 2.5 mg, 0.5 mg to 20 mg, 0.5 to 15 mg, 0.5 to 12 mg, 0.5 to 10 mg, 0.5 mg to 7.5 mg, 0.5 mg to 5 mg, 0.5 mg to 2.5 mg, 1 mg to 20 mg, 1 mg to 15 mg, 1 mg to 12 mg, 1 mg to 10 mg, 1 mg to 7.5 mg, 1 mg to 5 mg, or 1 mg to 2.5 mg.

The dose can be administered according to a suitable schedule, for example, once, two times, three times, or for times weekly. It may be necessary to use dosages of the antibody conjugate outside the ranges disclosed herein in some cases, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it is noted that the clinician or treating physician will know how and when to interrupt, adjust, or terminate therapy in conjunction with subject response.

Different therapeutically effective amounts may be applicable for different diseases and conditions, as will be readily known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Similarly, amounts sufficient to prevent, manage, treat or ameliorate such disorders, but insufficient to cause, or sufficient to reduce, adverse effects associated with the antibodies provided herein are also encompassed by the herein described dosage amounts and dose frequency schedules. Further, when a subject is administered multiple dosages of a composition provided herein, not all of the dosages need be the same. For example, the dosage administered to the subject may be increased to improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect of the composition or it may be decreased to reduce one or more side effects that a particular subject is experiencing.

In certain embodiments, treatment or prevention can be initiated with one or more loading doses of an antibody conjugate or composition provided herein followed by one or more maintenance doses.

In certain embodiments, a dose of an antibody conjugate or composition provided herein can be administered to achieve a steady-state concentration of the antibody in blood or serum of the subject. The steady-state concentration can be determined by measurement according to techniques available to those of skill or can be based on the physical characteristics of the subject such as height, weight and age.

In certain embodiments, administration of the same composition may be repeated and the administrations may be separated by at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 2 months, 75 days, 3 months, or 6 months. In other embodiments, administration of the same prophylactic or therapeutic agent may be repeated and the administration may be separated by at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 2 months, 75 days, 3 months, or 6 months.

14.3. Combination Therapies and Formulations

In certain embodiments, provided are compositions and therapeutic formulations comprising any of the antibody conjugates provided herein in combination with one or more chemotherapeutic agents disclosed herein, and methods of treatment comprising administering such combinations to subjects in need thereof. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, Erlotinib (TARCEVA®, Genentech/OSI Pharm.), Bortezomib (VELCADE®, Millennium Pharm.), Fulvestrant (FASLODEX®, AstraZeneca), Sutent (SU11248, Pfizer), Letrozole (FEMARA®, Novartis), Imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC®, Novartis), PTK787/ZK 222584 (Novartis), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®, Sanofi), 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), Leucovorin, Rapamycin (Sirolimus, RAPAMUNE®, Wyeth), Lapatinib (TYKERB®, GSK572016, Glaxo Smith Kline), Lonafarnib (SCH 66336), Sorafenib (BAY43-9006, Bayer Labs), and Gefitinib (IRESSA®, AstraZeneca), AG1478, AG1571 (SU 5271; Sugen), alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethyl enethiophosphoramide and trimethylomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analog topotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogs); cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogs, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlomaphazine, chlorophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially uncialamycin, calicheamicin gammall, and calicheamicin omegall (Angew Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl. (1994) 33:183-186); dynemicin, including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN® (doxorubicin), morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, porfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogs such as denopterin, methotrexate, pladienolide B, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamniprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, Oreg.); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofuran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., TAXOL® (paclitaxel; Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), ABRAXANE® (Cremophor-free), albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, Ill.), and TAXOTERE® (doxetaxel; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chloranmbucil; GEMZAR® (gemcitabine); 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; NAVELBINE® (vinorelbine); novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; capecitabine (XELODA®); ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids and derivatives of any of the above.

In certain embodiments, provided are compositions and therapeutic formulations comprising any of the antibody conjugates provided herein in combination with one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors, and methods of treatment comprising administering such combinations to subjects in need thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors comprise a small molecule blocker of the PD-1 or PD-L1 pathway. In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors comprise an antibody that inhibits PD-1 or PD-L1 activity. In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of: CA-170, BMS-8, BMS-202, BMS-936558, CK-301, and AUNP12. In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of: avelumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, AMP-224 (GlaxoSmithKline), MEDI0680/AMP-514 (AstraZeneca), PDR001 (Novartis), cemiplimab, TSR-042 (Tesaro), Tizlelizumab/BGB-A317 (Beigene), CK-301 (Checkpoint Therapeutics), BMS-936559 (Bristol-Meyers Squibb), camrelizumab, sintilimab, toripalimab, genolimzumab, and A167 (Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical). In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of: MGA012 (Incyte/MacroGenics), PF-06801591 (Pfizer/Merck KGaA), LY3300054 (Eli Lilly), FAZ053 (Novartis), PD-11 (Novartis), CX-072 (CytomX), BGB-A333 (Beigene), BI 754091 (Boehringer Ingelheim), JNJ-63723283 (Johnson and Johnson/Jannsen), AGEN2034 (Agenus), CA-327 (Curis), CX-188 (CytomX), STI-A1110 (Servier), JTX-4014 (Jounce), (LLY) AM0001 (Armo Biosciences), CBT-502 (CBT Pharmaceuticals), FS118 (F-Star/Merck KGaA), XmAb20717 (Xencor), XmAb23104 (Xencor), AB122 (Arcus Biosciences), KY1003 (Kymab), RXI-762 (RXi). In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of: PRS-332 (Pieris Pharmaceuticals), ALPN-202 (Alpine Immune Science), TSR-075 (Tesaro/Anaptys Bio), MCLA-145 (Merus), MGD013 (Macrogenics), MGD019 (Macrogenics). In some embodiments, the one or more PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors are selected from an anti-PD1 mono-specific or bi-specific antibody described in, for example, WO 2016/077397, WO 2018/156777, and International Application No. PCT/US2013/034213, filed May 23, 2018.

The agents administered in combination with the antibody conjugates disclosed herein can be administered just prior to, concurrent with, or shortly after the administration of the antibody conjugates. For purposes of the present disclosure, such administration regimens are considered the administration of an antibody conjugate “in combination with” an additional therapeutically active component. Embodiments include pharmaceutical compositions in which an antibody conjugate disclosed herein is co-formulated with one or more of the chemotherapeutic agents, PD-1 inhibitors, or PD-L1 inhibitors disclosed herein.

15. Therapeutic Applications

For therapeutic applications, the antibody conjugates provided herein can be administered to a mammal, generally a human, in a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form such as those known in the art and those discussed above. For example, the antibody conjugates may be administered to a human intravenously as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intra-cerebrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, or intratumoral routes. The antibody conjugates also are suitably administered by peritumoral, intralesional, or perilesional routes, to exert local as well as systemic therapeutic effects. The intraperitoneal route may be particularly useful, for example, in the treatment of ovarian tumors.

The antibody conjugates provided herein may be useful for the treatment of any disease or condition involving folate receptor alpha (FOLR1). In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a disease or condition that can be diagnosed by overexpression of folate receptor alpha. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a disease or condition that can benefit from treatment with an anti-folate receptor alpha antibody. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a cancer.

Any suitable cancer may be treated with the antibody conjugates provided herein. Illustrative suitable cancers include, for example, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, brain tumor, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer (including triple-negative breast cancer, or TNBC), bronchial tumor, carcinoma of unknown primary origin, cardiac tumor, cervical cancer, chordoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, ductal carcinoma, embryonal tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, fallopian tube carcinoma, fibrous histiocytoma, Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer, germ cell tumor, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular cancer, histiocytosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumor, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lobular carcinoma in situ, lung cancer, macroglobulinemia, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary, midline tract carcinoma involving NUT gene, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, nasal cavity and par nasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paraganglioma, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytomas, pituitary tumor, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary peritoneal carcinoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdoid tumor, salivary gland cancer, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, spinal cord tumor, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, teratoid tumor, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and Wilms tumor.

In some embodiments, the disease to be treated with the antibody conjugates provided herein is gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, fallopian tube carcinoma, primary peritoneal carcinoma, uterine corpus carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, brain carcinoma, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, mesothelioma, and/or a cancer of epithelial origin. In particular embodiments, the disease is colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is breast cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In some embodiments, the disease is lung cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In some embodiments, the disease is head and neck cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is renal cell carcinoma. In some embodiments, the disease is brain carcinoma. In some embodiments, the disease is endometrial cancer.

16. Diagnostic Applications

In some embodiments, the antibody conjugates provided herein are used in diagnostic applications. For example, an anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugate may be useful in assays for FOLR1 protein. In some aspects the antibody conjugate can be used to detect the expression of FOLR1 in various cells and tissues. These assays may be useful, for example, in making a diagnosis and/or prognosis for a disease, such as a cancer.

In some diagnostic and prognostic applications, the antibody conjugate may be labeled with a detectable moiety. Suitable detectable moieties include, but are not limited to radioisotopes, fluorescent labels, and enzyme-substrate labels. In another embodiment, the anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugate need not be labeled, and the presence of the antibody conjugate can be detected using a labeled antibody which specifically binds to the anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugate.

17. Affinity Purification Reagents

The antibody conjugates provided herein may be used as affinity purification agents. In this process, the antibody conjugates may be immobilized on a solid phase such a resin or filter paper, using methods well known in the art. The immobilized antibody conjugate is contacted with a sample containing the folate receptor alpha protein (or fragment thereof) to be purified, and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the folate receptor alpha protein, which is bound to the immobilized antibody. Finally, the support is washed with another suitable solvent, such as glycine buffer, pH 5.0 that will release the folate receptor alpha protein from the antibody.

18. Kits

In some embodiments, an anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugate provided herein is provided in the form of a kit, i.e., a packaged combination of reagents in predetermined amounts with instructions for performing a procedure. In some embodiments, the procedure is a diagnostic assay. In other embodiments, the procedure is a therapeutic procedure.

In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a solvent for the reconstitution of the anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugate. In some embodiments, the anti-FOLR1 antibody conjugate is provided in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation and Primary Screening of Anti-FOLR1 Antibodies

Antibody Fab libraries were constructed using a standard overlap extension PCR protocol with mutagenic primers targeting complementary determining regions (CDRs). See Heckman and Pease, Nat. Protoc., 2007, 2:924-932; Stafford et al., 2014, Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 27:97-109, both incorporated by reference in their entireties. Selections for novel antibodies were performed using standard ribosome display protocols. See Dreier and Plückthun, 2011, Methods Mol Biol 687:283-306, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Initial antibody leads from ribosome display were derived from a naïve human library which was constructed by overlapping PCR using trastuzumab HC as the base template. CDRs H1 and H2 were randomized with the same design as described by Lee et al., J. Mol. Biol. 2004, 340:1073-1093 using oligonucleotides purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. In this design, CDRs H1 and H2 closely match the observed amino acid distributions of natural human antibodies. CDR H3 was diversified using oligonucleotides incorporating trimer phosphoramidite mixtures (TRIMs) for amino acid randomization. The TRIM oligos were synthesized as described by Yagodkin A et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2007, 26:473-97. Specifically, six separate oligonucleotides containing TRIMs were used to make 6 separate H3 loop-lengths (13-18; as defined by Zemlin et al.) to match the most common loop lengths observed in the human repertoire. Together these loop lengths comprise approximately 54.5% of the naturally-occurring loop length variation in human IgGs as reported by Zemlin et al., J. Mol. Biol. 2003, 334:733-749. The frequency distribution of each amino acid was designed to closely match the observed distribution of amino acids in CDR H3 of human IgGs as reported by Zemlin et al. Altogether, the library closely matches natural human antibody variation which is known in the field to improve antibody stability and folding of antibodies as described by Zhai et al., J. Mol Biol. 2011, 412:55-71. The heavy chain (HC) library was paired with a constant, unmodified trastuzumab light chain (LC) throughout the selection process as described by Stafford et al., Protein Eng Des Sel 2014, 27:97-109.

Affinity maturated antibody leads (e.g., SRP 1848 antibodies, below) were derived from a focused library, biased towards two leads, which was constructed by overlapping PCR using “soft-randomized” oligonucleotides purchased from Eurofins MWG Operon. Soft-randomization is a process in which a biased distribution of nucleotides is used for each soft-randomized codon such that the parent amino acid sequence is coded more frequently than other amino acids ˜30% of the time. Other amino acids are coded at each position but at a lower percentage. At each soft-randomized position, 70% of the parent nucleotide is mixed with 10% of the other three nucleotides. For the library, CDRs H1, H2, and H3 were soft-randomized simultaneously and selected by standard ribosome display protocols. As with the selection of initial leads, the affinity matured antibodies were paired with a constant, unmodified trastuzumab LC throughout the selection process as described by Stafford et al., Protein Eng Des Sel 2014, 27:97-109.

Selections for novel antibodies were performed using standard ribosome display protocols. See Dreier and Plückthun, Methods Mol. Biol., 2003, 687:283-306, Clifton, N.J., incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fab ribosome display selections were performed according to published protocols. See Stafford et al., 2014, Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 27:97-109; Hanes and Plückthun, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1997, 94:4937-4942; both incorporated by reference in their entireties. After multiple rounds of selection, the DNA from RT-PCR output was cloned into an optimized vector for cell-free expression using standard molecular biology techniques. See Yin et al., mAbs, 2012, 4:217-225, incorporated by reference in its entirety. All constructs were HIS- and FLAG-tagged to streamline purification and testing during screening.

Libraries of antibody variants generated by selection workflow were transformed into E. coli and grown on agar plates with antibiotic (kanamycin). Individual colonies were grown in liquid broth (TB+kanamycin), and used as a template for DNA amplification via rolling circle amplification (RCA). The variants were then expressed in cell-free protein synthesis reactions as described in Yin et al., mAbs, 2012, 4:217-225.

Briefly, cell-free extracts were treated with 50 μM iodoacetamide for 30 min at room temperature (20° C.) and added to a premix containing cell-free components (see Cai et al., Biotechnol Prg, 2015, 3:823-831, incorporated by reference in its entirety) and 10% (v/v) RCA DNA template (approximately 10 μg/mL DNA) for HC variants, in addition to 2.5 ug/mL Trastuzumab LC which is present for antibody assembly but is not varied in the library. Sixty microliters of cell-free reactions were incubated at 30° C. for 12 hr on a shaker at 650 rpm in 96-well plates. Four hundred to one-thousand-five-hundred (400 to 1500) colonies were screened, depending on the predicted diversity of different selection campaigns.

Following synthesis, each reaction was diluted 1:50 into PBS (pH 7.4) with 3% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and expressed variants were tested for functional activity via cell-based ELISA binding to CHO-hFOLR1 cells (human FOLR1 expressed recombinantly in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells). Briefly, 384-well plates were seeded with CHO-control or CHO-hFOLR1 cells the day before the assay. On the day of the assay, cells were fixed with 20 uL of 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes in the dark, washed with PBS, and then blocked with 30% FBS in PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Antibody variants of interest (1:50 diluted cell-free reaction) were allowed to bind to the fixed CHO-hFOLR1 cells, and detected with secondary antibodies (e.g. HRP-conjugated Anti-human Fc or anti-FLAG) and then detected with chemiluminescent substrate (Pierce ELISA SuperSignal™ Substrate). Chemiluminescence was quantified on a Molecular Devices SpectraMax® M5 plate reader. Top hits were selected based on cell-based ELISA signal/noise ratio, and their nucleotides were sequenced. Based on binding activity and sequence analysis, a subset of variants was selected for further scale-up and characterization.

The top leads from ELISA-based screening were cultured, and plasmid minipreps were performed using a QIAprep® 96 Turbo miniprep kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 10 μg/mL miniprepped DNA was added to 4 mL cell-free reactions and incubated overnight for 12 hr at 30° C., at 650 rpm. In the case of IgG variants with a common Trastuzumab LC, 7.5 ug/mL of the HC variant DNA and 2.5 ug/mL of the common Trastuzumab LC were added to the reaction.

Expressed variants from clarified cell-free reactions were purified via immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification using a semi-automated high throughput batch purification method. Briefly, purifications were performed in a 96-well plate format where 50 μL/well of IMAC resin (Ni Sepharose High Performance, GE Healthcare) was equilibrated in IMAC binding buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole), incubated with 1 mL cell-free reaction for 15 minutes followed by two washes in IMAC binding buffer. His-tagged antibody variants were then eluted using 200 μL IMAC elution buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 500 mM imidazole) and buffer exchanged into PBS using a 96-well Zeba plate (7 kD MWCO, Thermo Fisher). Purified antibodies were quantified via high throughput capillary electrophoresis using the LabChip GXII (Perkin Elmer) against a Herceptin standard curve, according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Exemplary affinity-matured antibodies are reported in Table 5, below.

TABLE 5 Affinity Matured (SRP1848) Antibodies SEQ ID SEQ ID Antibody VH NO. VL NO.  1 SRP1848-A01 308 Trastuzumab 367  2 SRP1848-A02 309 Trastuzumab 367  3 SRP1848-A04 310 Trastuzumab 367  4 SRP1848-A06 311 Trastuzumab 367  5 SRP1848-A07 312 Trastuzumab 367  6 SRP1848-A08 313 Trastuzumab 367  7 SRP1848-A09 314 Trastuzumab 367  8 SRP1848-A10 315 Trastuzumab 367  9 SRP1848-B01 316 Trastuzumab 367 10 SRP1848-B03 317 Trastuzumab 367 11 SRP1848-B04 318 Trastuzumab 367 12 SRP1848-B05 319 Trastuzumab 367 13 SRP1848-B06 320 Trastuzumab 367 14 SRP1848-B07 321 Trastuzumab 367 15 SRP1848-B09 322 Trastuzumab 367 16 SRP1848-B10 323 Trastuzumab 367 17 SRP1848-B11 324 Trastuzumab 367 18 SRP1848-C01 325 Trastuzumab 367 19 SRP1848-C03 326 Trastuzumab 367 20 SRP1848-C04 327 Trastuzumab 367 21 SRP1848-C05 328 Trastuzumab 367 22 SRP1848-C07 329 Trastuzumab 367 23 SRP1848-C10 330 Trastuzumab 367 24 SRP1848-D02 331 Trastuzumab 367 25 SRP1848-D03 332 Trastuzumab 367 26 SRP1848-D04 333 Trastuzumab 367 27 SRP1848-D05 334 Trastuzumab 367 28 SRP1848-D07 335 Trastuzumab 367 29 SRP1848-D09 336 Trastuzumab 367 30 SRP1848-D10 337 Trastuzumab 367 31 SRP1848-E01 338 Trastuzumab 367 32 SRP1848-E02 339 Trastuzumab 367 33 SRP1848-E03 340 Trastuzumab 367 34 SRP1848-E05 341 Trastuzumab 367 35 SRP1848-E06 342 Trastuzumab 367 36 SRP1848-E07 343 Trastuzumab 367 37 SRP1848-F01 344 Trastuzumab 367 38 SRP1848-F02 345 Trastuzumab 367 39 SRP1848-F04 346 Trastuzumab 367 40 SRP1848-F05 347 Trastuzumab 367 41 SRP1848-F06 348 Trastuzumab 367 42 SRP1848-F07 349 Trastuzumab 367 43 SRP1848-F08 350 Trastuzumab 367 44 SRP1848-F09 351 Trastuzumab 367 45 SRP1848-F10 352 Trastuzumab 367 46 SRP1848-F11 353 Trastuzumab 367 47 SRP1848-G01 354 Trastuzumab 367 48 SRP1848-G03 355 Trastuzumab 367 49 SRP1848-G04 356 Trastuzumab 367 50 SRP1848-G06 357 Trastuzumab 367 51 SRP1848-G07 358 Trastuzumab 367 52 SRP1848-G09 359 Trastuzumab 367 53 SRP1848-G10 360 Trastuzumab 367 54 SRP1848-G11 361 Trastuzumab 367 55 SRP1848-H01 362 Trastuzumab 367

Example 2 Preparation of scFvs

A single-chain antibody is made in either the V_(H)V_(L) or V_(L)V_(H) orientation with a linker sequence between the V_(H) and V_(L) domains. Typically scFv linkers are composed of (GGGGS)n repeats where n=3, 4, 5, or 6 for linkers of 15, 20, 25, or 30 residues respectively. For cell-free expression, an N-terminal Met is added, but for mammalian expression a leader peptide is added. On the C-terminal end of the scFv, an Fc sequence can be added to extend in vivo half-life or the scFv can be used directly. An optional linker sequence can be incorporated between the scFv and the Fc. An exemplary scFv-Fc linker sequence is AAGSDQEPKSS (SEQ ID NO: 378). C-terminal affinity tags can optionally be added to facilitate purification and assay development. An exemplary affinity tag is a C-terminal FlagHis tag GSGDYKDDDDKGSGHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 376). A stop codon is typically inserted at the end of the sequence. An exemplary scFv can include an N-terminal Met residue, a V_(H) domain, a GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 377) linker, a V_(L) domain, an AAGSDQEPKSS (SEQ ID NO: 378) linker, an Fc domain, a FlagHis tag, and a stop codon.

Example 3 Affinity and Kinetic Binding Analyses

Anti-Fc polyclonal antibodies were immobilized onto a CM5 chip (GE Life Sciences) using amine coupling chemistry (from Amine Coupling Kit, GE Life Sciences). The immobilization steps were carried out at a flow rate of 25 μL/min in 1×HBS-EP+ buffer (GE Life Sciences; 10× Stock diluted before use). The sensor surfaces were activated for 7 min with a mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 0.05 M) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC, 0.2 M). The anti-Fc polyclonal antibodies were injected over all 4 flow cells at a concentration of 25 μg/mL in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5, for 7 min. Ethanolamine (1 M, pH 8.5) was injected for 7 min to block any remaining activated groups. An average of 12,000 response units (RU) of capture antibody was immobilized on each flow cell.

Off-rate and kinetic binding experiments were performed at 25° C. using 1×HBS-EP+ buffer. Test and control antibodies were injected over the anti-Fc surface at concentrations of 5-10 μg/mL for 12 seconds at a flow rate of 10 μL/min on flow cells 2, 3 and 4, followed by a buffer wash for 30 seconds at the same flow rate. Kinetic characterization of antibody samples was carried out with a single concentration of antigen (for off-rate ranking) or a 1:2 dilution series of antigen (for kinetic characterization) and 1 injection of 0 nM antigen. After capturing ligand (antibody) on the anti-Fc surface, the analyte (human FOLR1-HIS) was bound at 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 0 nM for 180 seconds, followed by a 600 second dissociation phase at a flow rate of 50 μL/min. Between each ligand capture and analyte binding cycle, regeneration was carried out using 2 injections of 10 mM glycine pH 2.0 for 30 seconds at 30 μL/min, followed by a 30 second buffer wash step.

The data were fit with the Biacore T200 Evaluation software, using a 1:1 Langmuir binding model. K_(D) (affinity, nM) was determined as a ratio of the kinetic rate constants calculated from the fits of the association and dissociation phases.

Example 4 Flow Cytometry-Based Cell Binding Assay

Variants with expression levels >250 nM were tested in a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) cell-binding assay. CHO cells were transfected to stably express human (CHO-hFOLR1), cynomolgus (CHO-cFOLR1), or mouse (CHO-mFOLR1) target molecule FOLR1 on the cell surface. Parental CHO cells were used as a negative control to determine background binding levels. Parental CHO and stably transfected CHO-hFOLR1, CHO-cFOLR1, and CHO-mFOLR1 cells were cultured in Ham's F-12: high glucose DMEM (50:50) (Corning, Cellgro-Mediatech) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Corning, Cellgro-Mediatech), 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Corning, Cellgro-Mediatech) and 2 mmol/L-glutamax (Life Technology).

A mixture of fluoresecent-labeled parental CHO cells and unlabeled CHO-hFOLR1 cells were prepared as follows. Parental CHO cells were washed twice in PBS and incubated in PBS containing with 1 nM CellTrace™ Oregon Green488® (Life Technologies) at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Labeled parental CHO cells were then washed 2× with Ham's F-12 media and 2× with FACS buffer (PBS with 1% bovine serum albumin). Unlabeled CHO-hFOLR1 cells were similarly washed and prepared. Labeled parental CHO and unlabeled CHO-hFOLR1 cells were combined at 1:1 ratio and seeded at 50 μL per well (200,000 cells per well) in 96 well polypropylene plates. Cells were mixed with 50 μL of test antibodies (i.e., anti-FOLR1 variants) serially diluted in FACS buffer and incubated on ice for 60 mins. Cells were washed with FACS buffer and incubated on ice for 60 mins with 100 μL FACS buffer containing 2.5 μg/mL R-Phycoerythrin-conjugated goat anti-Human IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa.). Cells were washed twice with FACS buffer, fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Dallas, Tex.) for 10 mins on ice in the dark, and analyzed using the BD LSR II Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences; San Jose, Calif.). Data were analyzed using FlowJo® software (FlowJo, LLC; Ashland, Oreg.) to determine mean fluorescence intensities. Binding constants were calculated using the statistical software, GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software; La Jolla, Calif.) using the nonlinear regression equation, one site—specific binding with Hill slope. Secondary antibody alone was used as a control, in addition to measuring non-specific antibody binding to CHO parental cells.

This procedure was repeated to assess cell binding in CHO-cFOLR1 and CHO-mFOLR1 cells.

Example 5 Cell-Killing Analysis

The internalization of the antibodies was evaluated by a secondary antibody cell killing assay on target positive cells. FOLR1-positive KB cells were obtained from ATCC, and FOLR1-positive Igrov1 cells were obtained from NIH. The cells were maintained in Ham's F-12: high glucose DMEM (50:50) (Corning, Cellgro-Mediatech) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Corning, Cellgro-Mediatech, Manassas, Va.), 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Corning, Cellgro-Mediatech, Manassas, Va.) and 2 mmol/L-glutamax (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.). Adherent cells were washed twice with calcium and magnesium-free Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), harvested with HYQ® TASE™ (Hyclone; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) and counted by the Vi-CELL Cell Viability Analyzers (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, Ind.). A total of 625 cells were seeded in each well of a 384-well flat bottom white polystyrene plate. Lead antibodies were formulated at 4-fold starting concentration in the cell culture medium and filtered through MultiScreenHTS 96-Well Filter Plates (Millipore; Billerica, Mass.). Serial dilutions of test antibody (1:3 serial dilution starting from 200 nM) was added into treatment wells, and an anti-human Fc nanobody conjugated to hemiasterlin via a cleavable linker was then added into each well at a fixed final concentration of 20 nM. Assay plates were cultured at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator for 120 hrs before assay. For cell viability measurement, 30 μL of Cell Titer-Glo® reagent (Promega Corp. Madison, Wis.) was added into each well, and plates were processed as per product instructions. Relative luminescence was measured on an ENVISION® plate reader (Perkin-Elmer; Waltham, Mass.). Relative luminescence readings were converted to percent viability using untreated cells as controls. Data was fitted with non-linear regression analysis, using a log(inhibitor) vs. response-variable slope, 4 parameter fit with GraphPad Prism (GraphPad v 5.0, Software; San Diego, Calif.). Data was expressed as relative cell viability (ATP content) % vs. dose of antibody.

Example 6 Generation of Hybridoma

Immunocompetent mice (C57BL/6) were immunized with mouse MC38 cells overexpressing human FOLR1. FOLR1-specific antibodies were detected in the sera, and the spleen was harvested and fused with P3X cells to generate the hybridomas (Aragen Biosciences, Morgan Hill, Calif.), similar to what has been previously described. See Chronopoulou, et al., 2014, Methods Mol Biol 131:47-70, and Kim, et al., 2014, Methods Mol Biol 1131:31-45, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Total RNA was extracted from hybridoma cells using QIAGEN RNeasy Mini Kit (Cat No. 74104) and converted to cDNA using a Clontech SMARTer RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Cat. No. 634923) (Lake Pharma, Belmont, Calif.). Positive clones were identified by gel electrophoresis, cloned using an Invitrogen TOPO kit, and sequenced using standard Sanger methods. The CDRs for m6D1 were grafted onto human antibody frameworks V_(H)1-18, V_(H)3-33, V_(H)2-5, V_(H)2-70, V_(H)4-30-4, Vk1-5, Vk3-11, Vk2-30, Vk1-33, and Vk1-16 by standard methodology to yield humanized antibodies. See Kuramochi, et al., 2014, Methods Mol Biol 1060:123-137, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Of these grafts, the h6D1-HC3/LC4 (V_(H)3-33/Vk3-11 grafts) and h6D1-HC3/LC5 (V_(H)3-33/Vk1-5 grafts) IgGs gave the best yield when expressed in cell-free and maintained the highest affinity. Both HC3/LC4 and HC3/LC5 humanized variants were progressed into affinity maturation by Fab-based ribosome display (as described above) targeting the heavy chain CDRs by soft-randomization leaving the light-chain constant, as described in Stafford, et al., 2014, Protein Eng Des Sel 4:97-109, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Certain antibodies were generated by affinity maturation of humanized mouse antibodies. Exemplary antibody candidates are reported in Table 6, below.

TABLE 6 Affinity-matured humanized antibodies (SRP2060). SEQ ID SEQ ID Antibody VH NO. VL NO. 56 SRP2060-E10 363 H6D1-LC4 368 57 SRP2060-E05 364 H6D1-LC4 368 58 SRP2060-B01 365 H6D1-LC5 369 59 SRP2060-A06 366 H6D1-LC5 369

Example 7 Characteristics of Illustrative Anti-FOLR1 Antibodies

Tables 7 through 9 show results obtained using the illustrative antibodies described herein.

Table 7 shows results obtained with antibodies isolated from affinity-maturation of initial antibody leads obtained from a naïve Fab TRiM ribosome display library, constructed on a Trastuzumab heavy chain (HC) framework.

Table 8 shows kinetic binding results obtained for the same antibodies listed in Table 7.

Table 9 shows results obtained from antibodies isolated from humanized mouse clone candidates.

TABLE 7 Affinity-matured antibodies from initial leads (Trastuzumab HC framework). KB, 2° Antibody Igrov, 2° Antibody Cell Killing, Cell Killing, CHO-human CHO-cyno CHO-mouse Nb-239 Nb-SC239 FolR1 FolR1 FolR1 EC50 Span EC50 Span Bmax K_(D) Bmax K_(D) Bmax K_(D) Fab-HC Variant ID (nM) (%) (nM) (%) (MFI) (nM) (MFI) (nM) (MFI) (nM) SRP1848-A01 0.064 94 0.015 71 25899 0.39 22552 0.44 16475 0.8 SRP1848-A02 0.028 94 0.039 71 24710 0.64 18500 0.50 18569 2.4 SRP1848-A07 0.062 95 0.029 68 29182 0.61 23643 0.43 9646 0.9 SRP1848-C03 0.074 93 0.035 72 29143 0.51 25148 0.50 3310 3.0 SRP1848-F04 0.096 93 0.015 73 26867 0.73 26353 0.55 2741 11.0 SRP1848-B04 0.035 94 0.018 70 27818 0.72 27796 0.65 2187 17.9 SRP1848-B11 0.058 93 0.026 74 28394 0.56 22885 0.34 1632 3.9 SRP1848-F07 0.057 92 0.018 71 27371 0.58 18662 0.56 1387 8.8 SRP1848-E06 0.060 93 0.025 74 25611 0.48 15755 0.26 2349 1.2 SRP1848-A09 0.060 93 0.026 71 28910 0.61 20248 0.31 7990 1.0 SRP1848-E07 0.059 94 0.013 73 27284 0.54 20381 0.23 11837 1.2 SRP1848-G03 0.064 91 0.021 76 26424 0.82 19238 0.44 2220 2.4 SRP1848-A04 0.052 92 0.015 64 26810 0.43 23055 0.30 3888 2.0 SRP1848-H01 0.049 96 0.016 67 26985 0.59 17227 0.28 3950 33.8 SRP1848-B10 0.040 97 0.020 71 28186 0.83 21268 0.44 2455 7.3 SRP1848-C07 0.065 93 0.013 67 28757 0.62 18136 0.23 3170 1.4 SRP1848-F05 0.061 94 0.015 74 27155 0.72 24731 0.61 5100 18.0 SRP1848-D02 0.034 93 0.027 71 28804 0.60 27973 0.61 916 87.0 SRP1848-A08 0.039 93 0.013 65 28554 0.62 26197 0.45 3202 2.5 SRP1848-E03 0.057 94 0.027 73 26694 0.76 17427 0.43 5939 0.5 SRP1848-A10 0.033 96 0.027 75 27097 0.66 14816 0.47 10167 1.2 SRP1848-F10 0.038 94 0.009 68 25554 0.36 20700 0.40 1742 6.9 SRP1848-D05 0.055 92 0.030 73 26748 0.57 22202 0.45 1360 14.0 SRP1848-C01 0.060 90 0.023 68 28527 0.66 25941 0.60 1369 26.0 SRP1848-F01 0.047 91 0.018 69 25240 0.56 21491 0.43 3750 1.8 SRP1848-D04 0.380 97 0.068 77 29297 2.21 25737 2.84 NB NB SRP1848-E05 0.071 95 0.027 78 27306 0.46 28170 0.55 NB NB SRP1848-A06 0.046 93 0.020 72 24521 0.47 20170 0.30 2767 2.4 SRP1848-B01 0.064 95 0.031 82 26634 1.06 23881 0.83 3404 16.4 SRP1848-C04 0.006 94 0.016 68 26269 0.44 22014 0.86 2506 62.0 SRP1848-C10 0.057 96 0.036 75 27465 0.91 15966 0.27 2326 5.6 SRP1848-B09 0.073 97 0.027 74 25152 0.46 25213 0.99 1424 78.0 SRP1848-C05 0.073 92 0.021 62 26836 0.52 15199 0.35 4134 4.8 SRP1848-F02 0.054 92 0.009 54 25714 0.62 14911 0.19 2741 2.6 SRP1848-F08 0.061 94 0.024 77 26483 0.91 21024 1.07 NB NB SRP1848-D07 0.075 94 0.032 71 25738 0.77 24272 0.92 NB NB SRP1848-F11 0.054 91 0.017 70 26774 0.75 21790 0.47 1762 4.6 SRP1848-F09 0.056 93 0.050 79 23816 0.36 24178 0.75 1671 90.7 SRP1848-D10 0.016 90 0.012 54 26468 0.48 20578 0.52 1859 13.0 SRP1848-G01 0.070 91 0.022 66 27406 0.98 20913 0.56 1993 4.6 SRP1848-B06 0.058 95 0.022 72 25070 0.67 26767 1.21 NB NB SRP1848-D03 0.160 98 0.038 76 25977 1.90 14130 0.58 3170 9.5 SRP1848-B07 0.079 96 0.038 73 25612 0.66 25491 1.05 NB NB SRP1848-E02 0.046 93 0.025 71 23847 0.53 18717 0.59 1473 21.0 SRP1848-B03 0.050 94 0.028 66 26338 0.82 17228 0.41 2722 6.4 SRP1848-E01 0.088 92 0.029 72 26430 1.01 22420 0.96 NB NB SRP1848-B05 0.065 94 0.040 72 24536 0.65 21871 0.64 NB NB SRP1848-D09 0.042 91 0.023 70 24966 0.46 21306 0.65 NB NB SRP1848-F06 0.066 94 0.032 77 25598 0.87 26528 0.86 NB NB SRP1848-G10 0.046 97 0.019 79 25269 0.49 14163 0.24 2891 4.3 SRP1848-G04 0.051 92 0.016 75 25156 0.76 12538 0.25 1999 2.5 SRP1848-G06 0.057 96 0.026 81 25838 0.63 12830 0.31 1857 11.1 SRP1848-G07 0.058 94 0.038 78 24939 0.78 13668 0.35 1978 2.9 SRP1848-G09 0.073 97 0.036 83 25066 0.59 17685 0.35 2184 6.4 SRP1848-G11 0.040 97 0.023 84 27191 0.68 11837 0.26 2744 7.6

TABLE 8 Affinity-matured antibodies from initial leads (Trastuzumab HC framework): Kinetic binding results Biacore Kinetics Variant ID ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) K_(D) (M) SRP1848-A01 8.29E+05 1.55E−03 1.87E−09 SRP1848-A02 5.25E+05 8.82E−03 1.68E−08 SRP1848-A07 1.01E+06 8.66E−04 8.55E−10 SRP1848-C03 1.36E+06 1.52E−03 1.11E−09 SRP1848-F04 8.15E+05 1.08E−03 1.32E−09 SRP1848-B04 7.80E+05 1.17E−03 1.50E−09 SRP1848-B11 1.22E+06 1.86E−03 1.52E−09 SRP1848-F07 1.60E+06 2.49E−03 1.56E−09 SRP1848-E06 9.44E+05 1.54E−03 1.63E−09 SRP1848-A09 7.30E+05 1.33E−03 1.82E−09 SRP1848-E07 1.25E+06 2.40E−03 1.91E−09 SRP1848-G03 9.90E+05 1.97E−03 1.99E−09 SRP1848-A04 1.61E+06 3.26E−03 2.03E−09 SRP1848-H01 6.59E+05 1.39E−03 2.11E−09 SRP1848-B10 6.81E+05 1.48E−03 2.18E−09 SRP1848-C07 8.56E+05 1.89E−03 2.21E−09 SRP1848-F05 6.56E+05 1.57E−03 2.40E−09 SRP1848-D02 8.51E+05 2.05E−03 2.41E−09 SRP1848-A08 4.93E+05 1.19E−03 2.42E−09 SRP1848-E03 6.88E+05 1.83E−03 2.67E−09 SRP1848-A10 1.20E+06 3.30E−03 2.74E−09 SRP1848-F10 8.72E+05 2.47E−03 2.83E−09 SRP1848-D05 6.75E+05 1.98E−03 2.93E−09 SRP1848-C01 7.30E+05 2.23E−03 3.05E−09 SRP1848-F01 1.14E+06 3.62E−03 3.18E−09 SRP1848-D04 4.97E+05 1.73E−03 3.48E−09 SRP1848-E05 7.16E+05 2.51E−03 3.51E−09 SRP1848-A06 1.37E+06 4.83E−03 3.51E−09 SRP1848-B01 1.13E+06 4.16E−03 3.67E−09 SRP1848-C04 1.29E+06 4.99E−03 3.86E−09 SRP1848-C10 8.99E+05 3.63E−03 4.03E−09 SRP1848-B09 1.55E+06 6.61E−03 4.26E−09 SRP1848-C05 1.06E+06 4.54E−03 4.29E−09 SRP1848-F02 1.42E+06 6.37E−03 4.49E−09 SRP1848-F08 5.94E+05 2.72E−03 4.58E−09 SRP1848-D07 1.09E+06 5.11E−03 4.70E−09 SRP1848-F11 8.28E+05 3.90E−03 4.71E−09 SRP1848-F09 1.40E+06 6.79E−03 4.85E−09 SRP1848-D10 1.13E+06 5.58E−03 4.95E−09 SRP1848-G01 4.44E+05 2.26E−03 5.09E−09 SRP1848-B06 6.20E+05 3.17E−03 5.10E−09 SRP1848-D03 1.03E+06 5.35E−03 5.19E−09 SRP1848-B07 7.06E+05 3.78E−03 5.35E−09 SRP1848-E02 1.14E+06 7.07E−03 6.21E−09 SRP1848-B03 1.13E+06 8.59E−03 7.63E−09 SRP1848-E01 6.64E+05 5.22E−03 7.87E−09 SRP1848-B05 9.76E+05 8.85E−03 9.07E−09 SRP1848-D09 1.07E+06 1.08E−02 1.01E−08 SRP1848-F06 4.56E+05 7.75E−03 1.70E−08 SRP1848-G10 7.58E+05 3.45E−03 4.55E−09 SRP1848-G04 5.91E+05 3.79E−03 6.40E−09 SRP1848-G06 5.69E+05 3.81E−03 6.70E−09 SRP1848-G07 6.05E+05 4.51E−03 7.45E−09 SRP1848-G09 8.56E+05 6.46E−03 7.56E−09 SRP1848-G11 6.96E+05 6.37E−03 9.14E−09

TABLE 9 Results obtained with humanized 6D1 (2060) antibodies. Biacore kinetics Igrov 2° AntibodyCell Killing, Nb-SC239 SRP ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) K_(D) (M) EC50 (nM) span (%) SRP2060-E10 5.82E+05 1.20E−03 2.06E−09 0.061 68 SRP2060-E05 5.41E+05 1.58E−03 2.92E−09 0.22 71 SRP2060-B01 5.61E+05 1.47E−03 2.62E−09 0.045 76 SRP2060-A06 5.47E+05 7.29E−03 1.33E−08 0.013 66

Example 8 FOLR1 Expression in Ovarian, Endometrial Cancer, NSCLC, and TNBC Cell Lines

High levels of FolRα have been found in ovarian and endometrial cancers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Based on reported FolRα mRNA expression levels, a panel of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, TNBC, and NSCLC cell lines were selected for in vitro testing of candidate ADC molecules. To measure the number of FolRα receptors expressed on the cell surface, Alexa647-conjugated antibody 1848-H01 (Y180/F404) was used in a FACS cell binding assay and FolRα copy number was determined based on Antibody Binding Capacity (ABC) of the conjugated antibody measured by quantitation beads (Simply Cellular anti-human IgG beads from Bangs Laboratories). As shown in Table 10, FolRα copy number on ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, TNBC, and NSCLC cells ranged from 35,000 to 4,000,000 receptors per cell.

TABLE 10 FolRα copy numbers in various cell lines Disease Indication Cell Line FolRα Copy # per Cell Ovarian Cancer OVKATE 3,590,356 Igrov1 1,375,828 OVMANA 1,224,753 OVSAHO 842,703 OVISE 678,472 CAOV3 336,900 OVCAR3 196,426 OV90 97,717 Endometrial Cancer MFE-280 434,941 HEC-1-A 220,690 EFE-184 128,166 HEC-1-B 176,400 Ishikawa 194,128 SNG-M 61,961 NUGC-4 35,395 Lung Cancer H2342 1,419,355 H1651 918,800 H2110 347,447 H441 251,390 H226 85,164 H2405 68,182 H358 40,058 H2052 37,677 A549 35,078 H1770 33,781 TNBC HCC1143 255,813 HEC-251 113,270 HCC1599 65,624 MDA-MB-468 61,588 MDA-MB-231 50,005 HCC38 40,712 HCC1187 34,936 HCC1937 23,097

Example 9 FOLR1 Expression in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer, TNBC and NSCLC Tissues

To determine prevalence of FolRα expression in patient samples representative of ovarian and endometrial cancers, TNBC and NSCLC, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed on commercially available tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing patient samples for the four indications. The TMAs (Biomax; Biomax; Cat# BC11115b, EMC1021, BR1001, and BC041115c) were stained for FolRα expression using a commercial FolRα IHC assay kit (Biocare; Cat. #IPI4006K G10) with the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Slides were imaged and stained tumor cores were scored for staining. Positive staining for FolRα was observed in ˜80% of ovarian cancer, ˜60% of endometrial cancer samples, ˜30% of TNBC samples and ˜50% of NSCLC samples; suggesting that these may be suitable indications for a FolRα-targeting therapeutic agent. The relative levels of expression of FolRα in ovarian and endometrial samples is summarized in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Summary of FolRα Expression Levels in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer Samples Total # of Staining intensity Indication/Cat# of Slide (Biomax US) disease cores 0 1+ 2+ 3+ Ovarian Cancer tissue microarray with 97 21 19 29 25 adjacent normal tissue, 100 cases/100 cores (BC11115b) Endometrial Cancer tissue microarray, 90 26 37 15 12 102 cases/102 cores (EMC1021)

Example 10 Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Evaluation

Based on biacore affinity to the extracellular domain of FOLR1 (or “FolRα-ECD”), nine antibodies were selected for scale-up with para-azidomethyl-L-phenylalanine (pAMF) incorporated at the HC F404 site. The nine antibodies selected for testing were: 1848-A01, 1848-H01, 1848-A08, 1848-B04, 1848-D02, 1848-A07, 1848-B10, 1848-G10, and 1848-G04). Antibody 1848-D02 did not express well and was consequently not used for further investigation. The remaining eight antibodies were conjugated to a non-cleavable maytansine to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) having the structure of Conjugate M, below:

The candidate antibody-drug conjugates were tested in cell killing on FolRα-expressing cells, including KB, Igrov1, HeLa and JEG3. Table 12 provides a summary of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the candidate conjugates on KB and JEG3 cells.

TABLE 12 In vitro cytotoxic activity of anti-FOLR1 antibody-drug conjugates Killing in KB cells Killing in JEG3 cells Antibody [IgG], μg/mL EC50 (nM) Span (%) EC50 (nM) Span (%) 1848-A01 1100 0.16 96 83* 94* 1848-A07 1021 0.17 96 80* 96* 1848-A08 1358 0.17 95 74* 95* 1848-B04 1257 0.3 98 113*  85* 1848-B10 802 0.23 98 43* 82* 1848-D02 1208 Not tested Not tested Not tested Not tested 1848-G04 1415 0.31 94 38* 93* 1848-G10 1746 0.26 92 NC NC 1848-H01 1723 0.24 93 NC NC *Estimated NC = Not calculable There was no significant difference between ADCs in cell killing activity on KB and JEG3 cells, Table 12). Accordingly, four leads (1848-A01, 1848-A07, 1848-B04, 1848-G10) conjugated to the non-cleavable maytansine to form structures of Conjugate M at a drug-antibody ratio of two (DAR2) were selected for an in vivo study based on Biacore affinity (Table 8) and maximizing sequence diversity. Additionally, there was weak cytotoxic activity on JEG3 cells with the ADCs having DAR2.

To study the effect of drug-antibody ratio (DAR) on the cell killing activity of anti-FolRα leads, the ADCs having DAR2 were also combined with a secondary DAR2 anti-human IgG nanobody conjugated to non-cleavable maytansine to approximate a DAR 4 ADC in cell killing assays. In this assay, 1848-B 10 ADC showed the best cell killing activity when combined with the secondary nanobody on JEG3 and Igrov1 cells (data not shown). Based on this result, 1848-B10 ADC at DAR2 was added to an in vivo study to evaluate ADC candidates in addition to the other four leads (1848-A01, 1848-A07, 1848-B04, 1848-G10). Results from the in vivo efficacy study testing revealed that only 1848-B 10 ADC at DAR2 showed weak tumor inhibition in the KB model (data not shown).

As a result, 1848-B 10 was selected as one of the lead antibodies for further ADC studies.

Example 11 Efficacy Screening of Top FOLR1 Antibody Leads

The ADCs containing Conjugate M at DAR2 had potent in vitro activity against KB cells, which express high levels of FolRα. However, the ADCs had poor in vitro activity in JEG3 and Igrov1 cells, which express more moderate levels of FolRα, and low in vivo activity in the KB model. The pattern and levels of FolRα expression in JEG3 and Igrov1 cells is more representative of expression in patient tumors, while evaluation of ADC leads in KB cells do not appear to differentiate between the properties of the different leads. FolRα undergoes rapid internalization and recycling without reaching the lysosome; therefore, in order to improve activity of an ADC that targets FolRα, it would be useful to have a linker that can release the drug in the endosomal compartment. Additionally, FolRα expression in primary ovarian tumors and Igrov1 xenografts is heterogenous (Ab et al. 2015. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 14(7): 1605-1613) suggesting that an ADC with bystander activity could potentially have higher activity in these tumors. To tailor the design of a FolRα-targeting ADC to the biology of the target as well as the expression level and pattern in ovarian cancer, several changes were implemented in the screening strategy. The KB model was used for primary screening, and the activity of leads was tested on Igrov1 cells in vitro and in vivo to evaluate and compare the different leads.

Initial screening of FolRα ADC variants was conducted in KB tumors which express high levels of FolRα. This study sought to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of four different anti-FolRα antibodies conjugated to the same linker-warhead (Conjugate P, below) and conjugation sites (Y180/F404). KB cervical carcinoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into athymic nude mice and treated with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg FolRα ADC variants listed in Table 13. ADC variants were administered when tumors reached ˜150 mm³.

TABLE 13 Tested ADC variants ADC Conjugate Molecule Antibody Conjugation Sites Form DAR Vehicle (PBS — — — NA Only) 1 1848-B10 HC-Y180, F404 P 3.8 2 1848-A07 HC-Y180, F404 P 3.9 3 1848-B04 HC-Y180, F404 P 3.8 4 1848-H01 HC-Y180, F404 P 3.8

No toxicity was observed with any test article as evidenced by the absence of any significant weight loss, defined as >20% decrease in animal weight (FIG. 6). FIGS. 7 (A, B) illustrate the effects of treatment on KB tumor growth and tumor size on day 25 when the vehicle control group reached the study endpoint (>1000 mm³). Results show that ADC Molecule 1 (1848-B10 FolRα antibody, Y180/F404, Conjugate P) and ADC Molecule 4 (1848-H01 FolRα antibody, Y180/F404, Conjugate P) significantly inhibited KB tumor growth compared to control, while the other two ADC variants did not exhibit any anti-tumor activity. By the end of the study on day 31, there was no significant difference between ADC Molecules 1 and 4 (FIG. 8). Therefore, ADCs containing 1848-B10 and 1848-H01 anti-FolRα antibodies were investigated for further characterization and testing.

Example 12 Drug-Antibody Ratio for Antibody-Drug Conjugates

ADCs with increasing DAR (2-6) and with a cleavable linker were evaluated to determine whether varying these features would improve activity of the molecule. To increase the in vivo potency of the FolRα targeting ADCs, 1848-B 10 antibodies was expressed with 2, 4, or 6 para-azidomethyl-phenylalanine (pAMF) residues incorporated on each antibody and conjugated to non-cleavable maytansine (Conjugate M, Example 10) and cleavable hemiasterlin (Conjugate P, Example 11) to generate ADCs with DAR=2, 4 or 6.

In vitro cell killing on FolRα-positive cells (KB, Igrov1, and JEG3) showed that antibody 1848-B10 conjugates of Conjugate P were more potent than 1848-B10 conjugates of Conjugate M on Igrov1 cells, which have moderate levels of FolRα expression (Table 14). Additionally, increasing the DAR to 4 resulted in ADCs with greatly improved potency compared to the DAR2 versions, while DAR6 ADCs further improved the cell killing activity only marginally over DAR4. Based on these data, the cleavable hemiasterlin conjugates (Conjugate P) at DAR4 was determined to be the optimal conjugate format for the FolRα ADC.

TABLE 14 Comparison of in vitro cytotoxic activity of 1848-B10 ADCs KB (+++) Igrov (++) A549 (−) ADC Linker drug/ Expected Measured EC50 Span EC50 Span EC50 Span Molecule Sites of Conjugation Conjugate DAR DAR (nM) (%) (nM) (%) (nM) (%) 5 F404 Conjugate M 2 1.94 0.74 87 NC NC NK NK 6 K42/F404 Conjugate M 4 3.86 0.42 94 NC NC NK NK 7 K42/Y180/F404 Conjugate M 6 5.54 0.2 96 NC NC NK NK 8 F404 Conjugate P 2 1.89 0.81 80 0.55 56 NK NK 9 K42/F404 Conjugate P 4 3.69 0.35 94 0.17 62 NK NK 10 K42/Y180/F404 Conjugate P 6 5.28 0.21 97 0.14 69 NK NK NC = Not calculable NK = No killing

Example 13 Study to Compare Activity of Different Site Pairs in ADCs

This study sought to compare the anti-tumor effects of three different conjugation site pairs (Y180/F404, Y180/K42, and F404/K42) using the same FolRα antibody (1848-B10) and linker-warhead (Conjugate P). The in vitro cell killing activity of the three ADCs were very similar on KB and Igrov1 cells (Table 15).

TABLE 15 In vitro cell killing activity of tested ADCs (Conjugate P) EC50 on EC50 on ADC Conjugation Conjugate KB cells Igrov1 cells Molecule Antibody Sites Form DAR (nM) (nM) 11 α-GFP HC-Y180, F404 P 3.58 NK NK 12 1848-B10 HC-Y180, LC-K42 P 3.93 0.21 0.085 1 1848-B10 HC-Y180, F404 P 3.82 0.21 0.083 9 1848-B10 HC-F404, LC-K42 P 3.90 0.19 0.061

For in vivo efficacy testing, KB cervical carcinoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into athymic nude mice and treated with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg FolRα ADC variants listed in Table 15. ADCs were administered when tumors reached ˜150 mm³. No toxicity was observed with any test article as evidenced by the absence of any significant weight loss, defined as >20% decrease in animal weight (FIG. 9). FIGS. 10 (A, B) illustrate the effect of treatment on KB tumor growth and tumor size on day 21 when the vehicle treated tumors reached the study endpoint (>1000 mm³), after which the study was terminated. Results show that all three FolRα ADC variants (ADC Molecules 1, 12, and 9) with different conjugation sites initially induced tumor regression and significantly delayed tumor growth compared to the vehicle control, while control anti-GFP ADC (ADC Molecule 11) behaved similarly to vehicle (FIGS. 10A and 10B). By the end of study on day 36, ADC Molecule 12 exhibited the best duration of response with most tumors in this group remaining growth inhibited, while tumor re-growth was observed for ADC Molecules 1 and 9 (FIG. 10A). Statistical analysis showed that ADC Molecule 12 was significantly more efficacious compared to ADC Molecule 9 (p=0.0297) and ADC Molecule 1 (p=0.0470) (FIG. 11). In conclusion, the Y180/K42 conjugation site resulted in the best potency and duration of response in KB tumors.

Example 14 Study for Selection of Lead Anti-FOLR1 Antibodies for ADC Design

To assess potential lead antibodies for anti-FolRα ADCs, a selection of FolRα top leads that were conjugated to form Conjugate P with DAR4 were screened in vitro. In vitro cell killing activity for the top antibody leads are very similar on KB and Igrov1 cells and, the result is summarized in Table 16.

TABLE 16 In vitro cell killing activity of lead ADCs (Conjugate P) KB Igrov1 A549 ADC Sites of EC50 Span EC50 Span EC50 Span Molecule Sample Conjugation DAR (nM) (%) (nM) (%) (nM) (%) 1 1848-B10 Y180/F404 3.82 0.21 98 0.083 76 NK NK 2 1848-A07 Y180/F404 3.76 0.18 97 0.084 61 NK NK 3 1848-B04 Y180/F404 3.84 0.16 97 0.081 68 NK NK 4 1848-H01 Y180/F404 3.84 0.12 96 0.028 76 NK NK

The same Conjugate P with DAR4 for the four top lead antibodies were screened in an in vivo efficacy study in the KB model (FIGS. 7, 8). Based on results in these studies, 1848-B10 and 1848-H01 were picked as the top antibody leads for further characterization. The sequences of 1848-B10 and 1848-H01, as well as the corresponding CDRs, is shown in Table 32. Additional properties for the top antibody leads are summarized in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Properties of lead antibodies Property 1848-B10, Y180/F404 1848-H01, Y180/F404 K_(D) (Biacore) 1.4 nM   1 nM K_(D) (FACS cell binding, (CHO-h-FOLRα) 4.5 nM 3.7 nM Cross-reactivity, Cyno (CHO-c-FOLRα) 3.3 nM 3.8 nM Thermostability (DSC) 66.6° C., 85.9° C. 66.8° C., 83.4° C. Mouse PK (ADC, no DAR analysis)* 11.2 days; 14.3 days; 5.46 6.94 mL/kg/day mL/kg/day Cyno PK (naked antibody)* comparable to most comparable to most antibodies; T_(1/2) = 13.6 antibodies; T_(1/2) = 8.5 days days ADA in Cyno (naked antibody)* Very low ADA response ADA response observed in all animals, affected T_(1/2), no AUC post second dose in one animal ADC cell killing (Igrov1), Conjugate = P 0.26 nM, 63% span EC50 < 0.09 nM, span > 70% (averaged across 10 independent experiments) ADC cell killing (OVCAR3), Conjugate = EC50 = 0.03 nM, P Span = 71% Efficacy of multiple leads in KB model and Weak tumor inhibition Significant tumor clinical Igrov1 model compared to vehicle inhibition compared to group (E4) vehicle group (E4) DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetry *Surrogate ADCs: (1) 1848-B10, Y180/K42, (2) 1848-H01, Y180/K42

Example 15 Selection of Optimal Linker for Cleavable Hemiasterlin

Hemiasterlin with multiple linkers having different cleavage properties were generated. The antibody 1848-B10 was conjugated to several of the candidate linker variants, and the resulting ADCs were tested in in vitro cytotoxicity assays (Table 18). Among the candidate linker variants, an alternative of Conjugate P, having a proteolytic sequence of ValAla in place of ValCit, showed good cell killing activity (Conjugate Q, below) and afforded a potential advantage in scalability and synthetic efficiency.

TABLE 18 Comparison of in vitro cytotoxity of cleavable hemiasterlin linker-drug variants ADC Conjugate Igrov1 A549 Molecule Antibody Form DAR EC50 (nM) Span (%) EC50 (nM) Span (%) 12 1848-B10, P 3.74 0.12 78 NK NK Y180/K42 16 1848-B10, Q 3.6 0.32 66 NK NK Y180/K42 The in vitro cytotoxic activity of multiple lots of candidate ADC variants are summarized in Table 19. ADC Molecule 4 showed consistent cell killing with an EC50 ranging from 0.03-0.66 nM and a span ranging from 69-96% across different experiments.

TABLE 19 Summary of in vitro cytotoxicity studies in KB and Igrov1 cell lines 1848-H01, 1848-H01, 1848-B10, 1848-B10, Y180/F404, Y180/F404, Y180/F404, Y180/F404, Conjugate P Conjugate Q Conjugate P Conjugate Q (ADC Molecule 4) (ADC Molecule 20) (ADC Molecule 1) (ADC Molecule 17) Cell EC50 Span EC50 Span EC50 Span EC50 Span Line (nM) (%) (nM) (%) (nM) (%) (nM) (%) KB 0.66 78 0.45 83 0.12 96 0.21 98 Igrov1 0.11 69 0.26 63 0.03 76 0.08 76 0.31 72 0.21 71 0.16 62 0.24 42 0.12 68 0.21 53 0.06 70 0.13 54 0.08 80 0.13 70 0.09 81 0.23 70 0.02 74 0.11 73

In addition, in a separate study, an antibody-drug conjugate was synthesized using antibody 1848-B10 Y180/F404 and Conjugate R (below):

Conjugate R includes DBCO adipoyl ValGlu linked to a hemiasterlin warhead. The ADC comprising 1848-H01 HC-Y180/F404 with Conjugate R (ADC Molecule 22) showed comparable in vitro cell-killing activity to ADC Molecule 4 (data not shown) as well as comparable in vivo activity in the Igrov1 model (FIGS. 14A, 14B). Accordingly, these results indicate that antibody 1848-B10 HC-Y180/F404 can be used with alternative linker warheads in ADCs targeting FolRα.

Example 16 Selection of an Optimal ADC Lead

This study sought to assess different aspects of the FolRα ADC molecule including the antibody, conjugation sites, and linker warhead. Igrov1 ovarian cancer cells were implanted subcutaneously into SCID Beige mice and treated with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg FolRα ADC variants listed in Table 20. ADCs were administered when tumors reached ˜150 mm³.

TABLE 20 ADCs tested in the efficacy screening Igrov1 Cell Killing ADC Conjugation Conjugate EC50 Span Molecule Antibody Sites Form DAR (nM) (%) 1 1848-B10 Y180/F404 P 3.82 0.09 76 17 1848-B10 Y180/F404 Q 3.74 0.21 71 12 1848-B10 K42/Y180 P 3.72 0.12 78 16 1848-B10 K42/Y180 Q 3.6 0.32 66 4 1848-H01 Y180/F404 P 3.84 0.03 76 18 1848-H01 K42/Y180 P 3.87 0.14 70 19 1848-H01 K42/Y180 Q 3.61 0.23 52

No toxicity was observed with any test article as evidenced by the absence of any significant weight loss, defined as >20% decrease in animal weight (FIG. 12). FIG. 13 (A, B) illustrates the effects of treatment on Igrov 1 tumor growth and final tumor size on post treatment day 24 when the vehicle control treated tumors reached the study endpoint (˜1000 mm³). Out of seven FolRα ADC variants tested, ADC Molecule 4 significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to the vehicle control (FIGS. 13A,13B). This result identifies 1848-H01, Y180/F404, and SC239 as an optimal combination of anti-FolRα antibody, conjugation sites, and linker warhead, respectively, in Igrov-1 tumors.

Example 17 Cross-Reactivity of ADC Variants to FOLR Isoforms

The folate receptor has three isoforms in humans, termed hFolRα, hFolRβ, and hFolRγ (also FOLR1, FOLR2, and FOLR3, respectively). hFolRα and hFolRβ are expressed at the plasma membrane via a GPI anchor, whereas FolRγ is secreted. In normal tissues FolRα is generally expressed on the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells, while hFolRβ is expressed in latter stages of normal myelopoiesis and in the placenta, spleen, and thymus. In the normal development of the myelomonocytic lineage, hFolRβ is seen as a differentiation marker coexpressed with CD14 at relatively low levels in monocytes but not in CD34+ normal hematopoietic progenitors. hFolRγ is secreted at low levels from lymphoid cells in the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. The three FR isoforms have a high degree of homology with FolRα, sharing 72% and 71% sequence identity with FolRβ and FolRγ respectively. Therefore, it is useful to determine the specificity of lead antibodies 1848-B10 and 1848-H01 for FolRα, and the extent of cross reactivity with cells expressing FolRβ and FolRγ.

293T cells stably expressing the three folate receptor isoforms (hFolRα, hFolRβ, and hFolRγ) were generated and tested for binding to antibodies 1848-B10 and 1848-H01 in a FAC S assay. In this assay, 1848-H01 but not 1848-B10 showed very weak binding to FolRβ (FIG. 15) but not to FolRγ (not shown). The 1848-H01 binding to FolRβ expressing cells had an affinity of 156 nM, with a B_(max) that was only 20% compared to the B_(max) for FolRα. Assessment of the cytotoxic activity of the corresponding ADC Molecules 4 and 1 on 293T cells expressing the FolRα and FolRβ isoforms showed that ADC Molecule 4 had a weak but specific cytotoxic effect on cells expressing FolRβ at concentrations above 10 nM, with an EC50 of −100 nM compared to an EC50 of <10 nM for FolRα expressing cells (FIG. 16).

Example 18 Binding and Cytotoxic Activity of ADC Variants in Hematopoietic Cells

To determine if ADC Molecules 1 and 4 have an effect on viability of hematopoietic cells, FolR expression was determined in T cells, B cells and monocytes in isolated PBMCs (n=4 donors) and the extent of antibody 1848-H01 and 1848-B10 binding to FolRβ on immune cells was assessed. Heterogenous (donor variable) FolRα expression was detected in monocytes but this expression was transient and disappeared after 1 day in culture (data not shown), whereas FolRβ was consistently expressed in a subpopulation of monocytes (data not shown). Neither antibody 1848-B10 nor 1848-H01 was observed to bind monocytes, although FolRβ expression was detectable on these cells (data not shown). Further, CD14 monocytes were assayed for viability following treatment with ADC Molecules 1 and 4 and to address potential cytotoxicity. In correlation with negative cell binding, the ADC variants did not affect viability of monocytes/macrophages, suggesting no clinical impact on PB monocytes in humans (data not shown).

FolRβ is weakly expressed on M1 macrophages, and highly expressed on M2 macrophages and their subsets. Antibodies 1848-H01 and 1848-B10 were therefore assessed for their ability to bind isolated macrophages. However, neither antibody showed any binding to M1 or M2 macrophages although FolRβ expression was confirmed in these cells. To confirm this lack of interaction, the corresponding ADC molecules (1, 4) were assessed for cell killing activities on polarized macrophages (10,000 cells, incubation period=3 days). Consistent with the lack of binding, neither ADC variant showed any cytotoxic activity on the macrophages from multiple donors (data not shown).

Accordingly, the ADC variants were demonstrated to have minimum binding and cytotoxic impact on monocytes and macrophages isolated from human donors.

Example 19 Additional Characterization of Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Lead antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprising an anti-FolRα antibody were evaluated and characterized. The characteristics that were measured and analyzed included expression and purification profiles of the lead ADCs, conjugation efficiency and in vitro and in vivo activity of the ADC in clinically relevant models. The properties of the anti-FolRα lead ADCs are summarized in Table 21.

TABLE 21 Properties of lead anti-FolRα ADCs Property ADC Molecule 4 ADC Molecule 20 DAR by MALDI 3.73 3.81 Conjugation 93% 95% Efficiency Igrov1: EC50 = 0.08 nM. Igrov1: EC50 = 0.13 ADC cell killing span = 80% nM, span = 70% Preclinical in vivo Complete tumor growh Complete tumor efficacy inhibition at 5 mpk dose inhibition at 10 and 15 and above mpk, weak tumor inhibition at 5 mpk

Example 20 Dose Ranging Efficacy Study

The dose-response relationship of ADC Molecules 4 and 20 was evaluated in Igrov-1 tumors. This study sought to: (1) assess which FolRα ADC variant conjugated to hemiasterlin-based linker warheads (Conjugates P, Q) was superior; (2) compare the anti-tumor activity of these FolRα ADC variants to a comparator molecule (ADC Molecule 21), and (3) determine the minimum and maximum efficacious dose of the more efficacious FolRα ADC variant identified. All test articles are described in Table 22.

TABLE 22 ADCs tested in the dose range study Conjugation Conjugate ADC Molecule Antibody Sites Form DAR Vehicle (PBS NA NA NA NA Only) 4 1848-H01 Y180/F404 P 3.73 20 1848-H01 Y180/F404 Q 3.76 21 Mov19-sulfo-SPDB-DM4 3.3

SCID Beige mice with established Igrov1 ovarian tumors were treated once with 4 doses of ADC Molecule 4 or 20, with the dosage ranging from 2.5 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg. For comparison, the benchmark group was treated once with 5 mg/kg of a comparator ADC molecule (ADC Molecule 21). No toxicity was observed with any test article as evidenced by the absence of significant weight loss (defined as >20% decrease in animal weight) (FIG. 17). FIG. 18 (A, B, C) illustrates the effects of treatment on Igrov1 tumor growth and the individual tumor sizes until post treatment day 21 when the vehicle control treated tumors reached the study endpoint (>1000 mm³). Comparison of tumor size on day 21 (versus vehicle control) indicates that 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses of ADC Molecule 4 are more efficacious than equivalent doses of ADC Molecule 20 or comparator ADC Molecule 21 based on lower p values (FIG. 18C). At the highest dose (15 mg/kg), both ADC Molecules 4 and 20 demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity with similar p values compared to vehicle control (FIG. 18C). Side by side comparison of tumor growth curves sorted by dose revealed that ADC Molecule 4 was more potent than ADC Molecule 20 based on superior activity of ADC Molecule 4 at lower doses (FIG. 19, A-D). Tumor stasis was observed until day 26 post treatment at 5 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4 versus at 10 mg/kg ADC Molecule 20 (FIGS. 19B, 19C). Tumor regression was induced starting at 10 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4 versus 15 mg/kg ADC Molecule 20 (FIGS. 19C, 19D). In addition, ADC Molecule 4 significantly delayed tumor growth to reach 300 mm³ compared to ADC Molecule 20 at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg and comparator ADC Molecule 21 at 5 mg/kg (FIG. 20).

Cumulatively, these results demonstrate that ADC Molecule 4 is significantly more more efficacious than ADC Molecule 20 and ADC Molecule 21 in Igrov1 tumors. The minimum efficacious dose of ADC Molecule 4 was observed at 5 mg/kg, while 15 mg/kg was the maximum efficacious dose with longest duration of response.

Example 21 Efficacy of ADC Variants in Combination Treatment with Carboplatin

The efficacy of ADC Molecule 4 in combination with a standard chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian cancer, carboplatin, was evaluated in Igrov1 tumors. Animals bearing established Igrov1 tumors (average tumor size 150 mm³) were treated with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4 with or without 60 mg/kg carboplatin every 7 days, for two treatments (q7dx2). FIG. 21A illustrates the effects of treatment on Igrov1 tumor growth until post treatment day 29 when the mean of vehicle control treated tumors reached the study endpoint (˜1200 mm³). Analysis of final tumor size and tumor growth inhibition (TGI) on day 29 showed that single agent ADC Molecule 4 and carboplatin exhibited moderate activity compared to vehicle control with TGI ranging from 50% and 70%, respectively (FIGS. 21B and 21C). The combination of ADC Molecule 4 with carboplatin significantly improved efficacy compared to carboplatin alone, but the combination was not significantly different compared to the single agent ADC Molecule 4 (FIG. 21A). The final mean tumor size in combination treated animals was significantly smaller compared to single agent carboplatin treated animals (414 mm³ vs. 842 mm³, p=0.0011) (FIG. 21B). In addition, TGI in combination treated group was higher at 79% vs. 47% for single agent carboplatin group (p=0.0008) (FIG. 21C).

In conclusion, significant added benefit was observed when ADC Molecule 4 was combined with carboplatin compared to single agent carboplatin. This observation was consistently reproduced in two additional independent studies using the same model dosed with similar doses of ADC Molecule 4 and carboplatin (data not shown).

Example 22 Efficacy of ADC Variants in Ovarian Tumor Models

The efficacy of ADC Molecule 4 was evaluated in human ovarian cell line OVCAR3 tumor models. Animals bearing established OVCAR3 tumors ranging from 100-200 mm³ were treated with a single dose of 2.5 or 5 mg/kg of ADC Molecule 4. FIG. 22 (A, B) illustrates the effects of treatment on OVCAR3 tumor growth and final tumor size on post treatment day 31 when the mean of vehicle control treated tumors reached >1500 mm³. Treatment with 2.5 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4 resulted in tumor stasis until around 12 days post treatment, while 5 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4 induced tumor regression with regrowth observed around day 20 post treatment (FIG. 22A). Analysis of final tumor size on day 31 showed that treatment with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of ADC Molecule 4 were both significantly efficacious compared to vehicle control exhibiting 60% and 89% tumor growth inhibition (TGI), respectively (FIG. 22B).

Example 23 Efficacy of ADC Variants in Endometrium Patient Derived Xenograft Models

Endometrium cancer patient derived xenograft (PDX) models were assessed for FolRα expression levels by immunohistochemistry analysis of xenograft tissue using a biotinylated mouse monoclonal antibody against FolRα. The efficacy of ADC Molecule 4 was assessed in a subset of these PDX models and included models with negative, low (+), medium (++) and high (+++) FolRα expression. Animals bearing established (˜100-200 mm³) PDX tumors received 10 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4 weekly via intravenous (IV) injection (n=3) or no treatment (control, n=2-3) until the group mean was >1,000 mm³ or until day 45 post treatment. If the tumors reached 1,000 mm³ before Day 14 post treatment, the endpoint was extended to 2,000 mm³.

Statistically significant efficacy was observed in about 50% of the FolRα positive models tested, with tumor growth inhibition (TGI) ranging from approximately 50% to greater than 100% (indicating regression below the tumor size at the start of treatment). Meanwhile, no significant activity was observed in all PDX models with negative FolRα expression. The degree of anti-tumor activity of ADC Molecule 4 appeared to positively correlate with FolRα expression levels (e.g. PDX tumors with higher levels of FolRα exhibited higher TGI in response to treatment with ADC Molecule 4). The data shown (FIG. 23) is a representation of some of the models that exhibited efficacy: (A) PDX model with FolRα-negative expression; (B) PDX model with FolRα+ expression; (C, D) PDX models with FolRα++ expression; (E, F) PDX models with FolRα+++ expression. Percent TGI (determined on the last day of control tumors) and corresponding p values are indicated on the graphs. Statistical analysis of TGI was performed using an unpaired t test. A probability of less than 5% (p<0.05) was considered as significant. All graphs are presented as mean±SEM.

Example 24 Efficacy of ADC Variants in Combination Treatment with Avelumab

The efficacy of ADC Molecule 4 in combination with PD-L1 inhibitor Avelumab (clinical grade) was evaluated in animals bearing established MC38-FolRα tumors. Results are illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25. FIGS. 24A and 25A illustrate MC38-hFolRα tumor growth curves in response to indicated doses of ADC Molecule 4, Avelumab, or a combination of both. Growth curves are shown until >50% of animals in the single agent treatment groups were euthanized due to reaching tumor size limit based on IACUC protocol. FIG. 24B is a scatter plot of individual tumor size on day 12 when mean of control tumors was >1,200 mm³. Statistical analysis for comparison to vehicle control was performed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. A probability of less than 5% (p<0.05) was considered as significant. FIG. 25B is a Kaplan-Meier curve that shows the fraction of animals that survive in response to treatment with indicated doses of ADC Molecule 4, Avelumab or combination of both. All graphs are presented as mean or individual values±SEM.

As illustrated in FIG. 24, single agent ADC Molecule 4 at either dose (10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg once via IV injection) or Avelumab (administered q3dx3 intraperotineally) initially resulted in tumor stasis until approximately day 7, while combination treatment induced tumor regression (FIG. 24A). Analysis of tumor size on day 12 showed significant inhibition of tumor growth in all treatment groups compared to vehicle control (FIG. 24B). Continued monitoring revealed that ADC Molecule 4 in combination with Avelumab markedly enhanced anti-tumor activity compared to either single agent alone as evidenced by complete regression (e.g. no palpable tumors) in 14 out of 15 animals (FIG. 24B).

As illustrated in FIG. 25, tumor re-growth was observed in one animal in the 10 mg/kg ADC Molecule 4+Avelumab group and was euthanized on day 59 due to reaching the maximum tumor size (FIG. 25A). Furthermore, combination treatment demonstrated curative effects or complete remission based on significantly prolonged survival of healthy animals with normal body weight gain and no tumor re-growth up to 112 days post-treatment which is 3-4 fold longer median survival than single agents (FIG. 25B).

Example 25 Pharmacokinetic Properties of ADC Variants in SCID Beige Mice

The non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of candidate FolRα ADC variants that demonstrated good efficacy in the KB and Igrov1 tumor models were evaluated in non-tumor bearing SCID Beige mice. A single 5 mg/kg IV bolus was administered, sampled and pooled from different mice to obtain time-points for pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. FolRα ADC variants do not bind murine FolRα, therefore, antigen-mediated PK effects are not expected. A list of tested articles and summary of the results are presented in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Pharmacokinetic parameters of FolRα ADC variants in SCID Beige mice ADC ADC ADC Molecule Molecule Molecule Parameters Units 4 20 21 Dose mg/kg 5 5 5 Study length Days 21 21 21 T_(1/2) Days 6.36 5.48 7.59 C₀ ug/mL 122 125 115 Cmax ± SE μg/mL 118 ± 5  123 ± 10 113 ± 4 AUC_((0-all)) ± day* μg/mL 476 ± 22 543 ± 22 447 ± 8 SEM AUC_((0-∞)) day* μg/mL 523 580 510 CL mL/day/kg 9.57 8.63 9.8 V_(SS) mL/kg 79.7 62.2 95.2

The elimination half-life (T_(1/2)) was determined from a regression analysis of the log-linear plot of the concentration-time curves. Specifically, T_(1/2), CL and V_(SS) of ADC Molecule 4 were 6.36, 9.57 and 79.7, respectively. In addition, the C_(max) for ADC Molecule 4 was determined to be 118±5 μg/mL.

In general, the pharmacokinetic properties of all FolRα ADC variants tested were comparable and exhibited similar PK profiles values (FIG. 26). In addition, the murine pharmacokinetic profile of all test articles exhibited PK profiles that are similar those of other FDA-approved monoclonal IgG antibodies.

Example 26 Pharmacokinetic Properties of ADC Lead Antibodies in Cynomolgous Monkeys

The non-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of antibodies 1848-B10 and 1848-H01 with K42/Y180 conjugation sites was assessed in cynomologous monkeys (n=3 for each antibody dose) in a repeat dose study. Two 10 mg/kg IV doses were administered on day 1 and day 15, and samples analyzed to determine PK parameters and anti-drug antibody (ADA) response. The two antibodies bind cyno FolRα with comparable affinity to the human target, therefore, antigen-mediated PK effects would be expected. As summarized in Table 24, PK profiles for both antibodies are similar.

TABLE 24 Pharmacokinetic parameters of lead anti-FolRα antibodies in cynomolgous monkeys Terminal t_(1/2) C₀ AUC_((0-last)) AUC_((0-∞)) Clearance V_(SS) Treatment (day) (μg/mL) (day*μg/mL) (day*μg/mL) (mL/day/kg) (mL/kg) 1848-B10, Mean 9.73 263 1100 1700 6.02 78.8 K42/Y180 SE 1.01 8 95 171 0.59 8.4 (dose 1) 1848-B10, Mean 13.1 241 1670 2110 4.74 83.2 K42/Y180 SE 2.3 14 120 40 0.09 15.5 (dose 2) 1848-H01, Mean 6.54 267 1010 1310 7.83 67.3 K42/Y180 SE 0.51 8 60 130 0.83 2.0 (dose 1) 1848-H01, Mean 8.08 220 1370 1530 6.60 71.3 K42/Y180 SE 2.51 25 30 110 0.47 12.1 (dose 2)

Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for antibody 1848-H01 (K42/Y180) were similar after Doses 1 and 2. Mean plasma clearance after Doses 1 and 2 was 7.83 and 6.60 mL/day/kg, respectively, and distribution volume was 67 and 71 mL/kg, respectively. Mean terminal half-life for Doses 1 and 2 was 6.5 and 8.0 days, respectively. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for 1848-B 10 (K42/Y180) were comparable after Dose 1 and Dose 2. Plasma clearances after Doses 1 and 2 was 6.02 and 4.74 mL/day/kg, respectively. Mean terminal half-life values for Doses 1 and 2 were 9.7 and 13 days, respectively. Distribution volume was approximately 80 mL/kg.

Serum samples from the treated animals were also analyzed for the development of anti-drug antibodies (data not shown). ADA analysis showed no significant response at day 15 (post 1st dose) for both antibodies, however ADA was detected in several animals at day 28 and 43 (post 2nd dose at day 15).

Example 27 Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an ADC Candidate in Cynomolgous Monkeys

Female cynomolgus monkeys were administered IV slow bolus doses of vehicle control or ADC Molecule 4 at doses of 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg on Days 1 and 22 (n=3/group) and were observed until day 43. Serum and plasma were collected at several time points from all groups for toxicokinetic profile evaluation (total antibody, ADC, and free drug (I) catabolite). Toxicokinetic analysis confirmed exposures of ADC Molecule 4 at all doses, assessed by evaluating circulating levels of the ADC, total antibody, and free drug (I). The mean C_(max) and AUC values of ADC, total antibody, and free drug (I) increased with increases in dose levels of ADC Molecule 4 in an approximately dose proportional manner and were generally similar on Days 1 and 22. The half-life (T_(1/2)) of the ADC ranged from 1.7 to greater than 2 days, and C_(max) ranged from 29-560 μg/mL depending on the dose administered.

Example 28 Identification of Catabolites Released from ADC Candidates

The anti-FolRα ADCs described here are predicted to be processed within the endosome or lysosome resulting in release of the metabolite, free drug (I), that may permeate surrounding cells and can cause bystander activity. The free drug released from conjugates P and Q is predicted to be a compound of structure (I), which is illustrated below:

The generation of free drug (I) was confirmed in cultured cells (not shown) and Igrov1 tumors treated with ADC Molecule 1 and ADC Molecule 17 with tumors harvested at different timepoints post dosing. Tumors were homogenized and extracted in acetonitrile and the solvent extracted fraction was analyzed by LC/MS. In the animals treated with ADC Molecule 1 and ADC molecule 17, catabolite C1 was found in the tumor samples but not in the plasma of the treated mice (FIG. 27). The LC/MS profile of C1 matched that of the predicted catabolite free drug (I) and the structure was confirmed by mass spectrophotometric analysis (not shown). Free drug (I) was shown to have cytotoxic activity in vitro, with an EC₅₀ ranging from 0.5-20 nM depending on the cell line tested (Table 26, data for all cell lines not shown).

Example 29 In Vivo Stability of ADC Candidates

The in vivo stability of ADC Molecule 4 was measured in nude strain of mice following a single dose of ADC at 5 mg/kg. Plasma was collected at various time points and analyzed for total IgG by ELISA. The DAR analysis of circulating ADC was measured by affinity capture followed by LC-MS. Data shows that the DAR value does not change over the course of the study FIG. 28. The observed degradation peak also does not change during the run and is present in a similar amount as see in the original stock.

Example 30 Stability of ADC Candidates in Plasma

The stability of ADC Molecules 4 and 20 was tested in cynomolgous and human plasma to compare stability of the two linker-drugs, Conjugates P and Q. The ADCs were incubated in duplicate in PBS, human and cynomolgous plasma at 50 μg/mL. The samples were incubated for time points from 60 min, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. Total IgG by ELISA and DAR analysis of the ADC with affinity capture and LC-MS was used to assess the stability of the molecule. Data shown in FIG. 29 shows that the in vitro stability of ADC Molecules 4 and 20 was comparable in both human and cyno plasma, with DAR4 being retained until day 21. Both molecules also showed occurrence of clipping, likely in the C-terminal end of the antibody, which was observed starting at day 1 post incubation. This clipping is likely to be cleavage of the two lysine residues at the C-terminal end of the heavy chain and is unlikely to impact stability or activity of the molecule. Similar clipping is commonly observed during CHO production of IgG molecules.

Example 31 Comparison of ADC Candidate to a Comparator ADC

A comparator of the ADC candidates described herein is IMGN853. IMGN853 (mirvetuximab soravtansine) is an antibody-drug conjugate containing a FolRα-binding antibody linked to the tubulin-disrupting maytansinoid, DM4, via a cleavable (sulfo-SPDB) linker. The design of IMGN853, including selection of its antibody and linker components, was based on optimization of its antitumor activity in preclinical models having levels of FolRα expression representative of those in tumor samples from patients with ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer. Although IMGN853 looks promising in the clinic, based on its chemistry, it may have some potential liabilities that affect the stability, safety and activity of the molecule. Accordingly, assays to evaluate the properties and pre-clinical effects of an IMGN853 surrogate (ADC Molecule 21) and ADC Molecule 4 are described below.

To assess the specificity of ADC Molecule 4 compared to that of IMGN853, the cytotoxic activities of ADC Molecule 4 was compared to a closely-approximating surrogate for IMGN853. The surrogate was expressed transiently in CHO cells and conjugated to sulfo-SPDB-DM4 to produce ADC Molecule 21. Cytotoxic activities of the two ADC molecules were compared in the presence of excess un-conjugated “naked” antibody as competitior, on cells that were positive FolRα expression (Igrov1 and OVCAR3) and on cells that were negative for FolRα expression (A549). For ADC Molecule 4, the cell killing activity on Igrov1 cells was reduced by about 800-fold in the presence of un-conjugated antibody (from an EC50 of 0.053 nM to an EC50 greater than 33 nM), indicating that the cell killing activity of ADC Molecule 4 is specific to the presence of FolRα antigen on the cell surface, since the naked antibody competes with the ADC for binding to the FolRα antigen. Cell killing activity of ADC Molecule 21 is not completely dependent on the presence of FolRα antigen on the cell surface since the addition of naked antibody only shifted the EC50 by about 3-fold on Igrov1 cells. Similar results were also observed on OVCAR3 cells (FIGS. 30A, 30B). On FolRα negative A549 cells, potent non-specific cell killing was observed for ADC Molecule 21, but non-specific cell killing was not observed for ADC Molecule 4 (FIG. 30C). Based on these data, it can be concluded that that ADC Molecule 4 shows potent and specific cell killing only on FolRα positive cells, while ADC Molecule 21 shows non-specific cell killing that is not related to ADC binding to FolRα antigen. The results are summarized in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Specific cytotoxic activities of ADC Molecule 4 and ADC Molecule 21 in FolRα positive and negative cells Igrov1 OVCAR3 A549 EC50 Span EC50 Span EC50 Span Sample Tested (nM) (%) (nM) (%) (nM) (%) ADC Molecule 4 0.053 66 0.58 53 NK NK ADC Molecule 4 + >33 NC >33 NC NK NK 0.5 uM 1848-H01 ADC Molecule 21 3.9 87 7.9 100 7.4 79 ADC Molecule 21 + ~11 80 10 99 7 81 0.5 uM Mov19 NC = Not Calculable NK = No Killing

ADC Molecule 4 had specific cell killing activity on FolRα-positive Igrov1 cells but did not have any activity on A549 FolRα-negative cells. In contrast, ADC Molecule 21 had cytotoxic activity on both negative- and positive-FolRα cell lines, suggesting a lack of specificity that can be attributed to the potential instability of the sulfo-SPDB linker under reducing conditions in culture and in vivo or due to pinocytosis of the ADC into the cells. The free drugs released from ADC Molecule 4 and ADC Molecule 21 are compounds of structure (I) and (II), respectively, which are illustrated below:

In in vitro cytotoxicity studies, the released free drugs (I) and (II) had comparable cytotoxic activity (Table 26). One key observation in this study is that ADC Molecule 4 is 10-fold more potent than the theoretical four free drug moieties (I) that it is conjugated to, indicating that the conjugate confers higher levels of specific killing to target cells than free drug (I).

TABLE 26 Cytotoxic activities in Igrov1 and A549 cells Igrov1 A549 Molecule EC50 (nM) Span (%) EC50 (nM) Span (%) ADC Molecule 4 0.06 70 NK NK ADC Molecule 21 4.4* 85 9*  71 Free drug (I) 2.4 92 11   81 Free drug (II) 4.9 90 7.7 81 *estimated EC50 based on incomplete titration NC = Not Calculable NK = No Killing

To assess the pharmacokinetic profile of free drug (I), female Sprague-Dawley rats (mean body weight 250 g) were given either a 0.4 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg dose by IV bolus administration (N=three animal per dose level) via an indwelling jugular vein catheter. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.83, 1, 2, 8, 24, 32, 48, and 72 hour post-dose. Levels of free drug (I) and (II) were measured by LC-MS/MS and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using Phoenix WinNonlin Version 6.4 (Pharsight Corporation). Table 27 provides the PK data collected from this study. The PK of free drug (I) could not be estimated due to the fact that concentrations of (I) increased from 2 to 8 hours and were undetectable thereafter. The results of this study suggest that clearance of free drug (I) is more rapid than that of free drug (II) since (I) is undetectable at 24 hours post dose (data not shown). In addition, administration of the two doses of free drug (I) did not have an effect on the body weight of the animals, while progressive body weight loss was observed upon treatment with 0.4 mg/kg of free drug (II) (FIG. 31).

TABLE 27 Pharmacokinetic data for free drugs (I) and (II) AUC_(0-last) ± Compound Dose Terminal C_(max) ± SE C₀ SE AUC_(0-inf) Clearance V_(SS) ID Level t_(1/2) (hr) (ng/mL) (ng/mL) (hr*ng/mL) (hr*ng/mL) (L/hr/kg) (L/kg) Free drug (I) 0.1 mg/kg Insuff. 5.82 ± 0.69 6.81 11.0 ± 2.1 Insuff. data Insuff. data Insuff. data data Free drug (I) 0.4 mg/kg Insuff. 12.8 ± 2.1  15.5 23.9 ± 2.6 Insuff. data Insuff. data Insuff. data Data Free drug (II) 0.1 mg/kg 22.4 9.31 ± 2.19 10.7  96.9 ± 11.0 129 0.775 15.8 Free drug (II) 0.4 mg/kg 44.3 53.3 ± 19  62.5  211 ± 70  242 1.66 44.1

Table 28 is a summary of the properties of ADC Molecule 4 and its metabolite, free drug (I).

TABLE 28 Properties of ADC Molecule 4 and free drug (I) Property/Characteristic Results for ADC Molecule 4 PK of ADC Molecule 4 in mouse T_(1/2): 6.38 days; with DAR analysis Clearance rate~9.5 mL/kg/day; DAR4 retained to day 21 Stability of ADC Molecule 4 in DAR4 retained to day 21 human and cyno plasma with DAR analysis PK of free drug (I) in rat vs. free Free drug (I) has faster clearance drug (II) than (II) Specificity of activity ADC Molecule 4 is not active in cell lines that do not express FolRα

Example 32 Comparison of Stability of Drug Linkage in ADC Candidate Vs. A Comparator ADC

The stability of ADC Molecule 4 and comparator ADC Molecule 21 was assessed in cynomolgous monkey and human plasma and PBS, followed by quantitation of the released catabolites, free drugs (I) and (II), respectively (see Example 29). Based on the data summarized in FIG. 32, the drug linkage for ADC Molecule 4 appears to be more stable than that for ADC Molecule 21. ADC Molecule 21 appears to be rapidly cleaved in human and cyno plasma, such that the free drug (II) is detected within 15-30 minutes of addition to plasma. Free drug (II) then appears to undergo further metabolism over time. In contrast, free drug (I) is not detected within 15-30 minutes of addition of ADC Molecule 4 to plasma. Levels of free drug (I) increase very slightly over 4 days of incubation in plasma but not in PBS; suggesting a more stable drug linkage in plasma.

Example 33 Comparison of ADC Catabolites for Efflux Pumps

Permeability glycoprotein 1 (PgP; also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)) is a cell membrane protein that pumps foreign substances out of cells, and reduces intracellular concentrations of a variety of cytotoxic drugs. PgP activity results in blunted chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer cells frequently become resistant to drugs due to upregulation pf PgP, in some cases this upregulation is mediated by the drug itself. The assay comparing PgP sensitivity of free drugs (I) and (II) (Example 29) conducted in a cisplatin-resistant cell line model.

To evaluate if free drug (I) is specifically a substrate of P-glycoprotein (PgP), which is responsible for cisplatin-resistance in some of the ovarian cancer cell lines (Stordal et al. 2012. PLoS One 7(7)), the free drug cell killing activities were investigated on PgP over-expressing MES-SA/MX2 cell line and the parental MES-SA cells. The cell killing activity of free drug (I), free drug (II) and a control free drug (MMAE, designated “III”) on the PgP-overexpressing MES-SA/MX2 cells were reduced by different levels compared to their activity on parental MES-SA cells. The MES-SA/MX2 cells were also treated with PgP inhibitor GF120918 (5 μM) to further investigate if the observed cell killing reduction is contributed by the presence of PgP on the cell surface. In the presence of PgP inhibitor, the cell killing activity of free drugs were reversed back to the same level as the parental MES-SA cell line, indicating that PgP overexpression in the MES-SA/MX2 cells were the main reason for the free drug resistance.

Cell killing EC50 of the positive control free drug (III) on MEA-SA/MX2 cells showed a 111-fold change in the presence and absence of PgP inhibitor GF120918, which indicated that free drug (III) is a very good substrate for PgP. Free drug (I) is a poor substrate for PgP based on the fact that only a 8-fold change in cell killing EC50 was observed in the presence and absence of PgP inhibitor on MEA-SA/MX2 cells. As a substrate for PgP, free drug (II) is also relatively poor but more susceptible to transport by efflux pumps compared to free drug (I) since a 17-fold change in cell killing EC50 was observed (Table 29, FIG. 33).

TABLE 29 Cytotoxic activities in Igrov1 and A549 cells MEA-SA MEA-SA/MX2 No GF120918 No GF120918 GF120918 EC50 Drug Tested EC50 (nM) Span (%) EC50 (nM) Span (%) EC50 (nM) Span(%) shift Free Drug (I) 6 100 50 100 6.4 99 8 Free Drug (II) 1.9 100 28 100 1.7 98 17 Free Drug (III) 0.75 100 111 100 1 99 111

The data suggests that free drug (I) is a weaker substrate for active transport across the membrane by efflux pumps, compared to free drug (II). As a result, free drug (I) is less likely to be pumped out of cancer cells, which could lead to better cellular retention of the toxin and therefore improved cytotoxicity of ADC Molecule 4 compared to comparator ADC Molecule 21. PgP mediated drug efflux is a common resistance mechanism to ADCs, and in the clinic it is one of the key mechanisms of resistance to platinum agents and PARP inhibitors. The poor substrate capacity of free drug (I) for PgP thus makes it a promising warhead for targeting platinum-resistant and potential PARP-resistant cancers.

Example 34 Accumulation of Catabolites in Tumors and Plasma

The drug-linkage of ADC Molecule 4 appears to be more stable than that of comparator ADC Molecule 21, however efficient release of free drug (I) from ADC Molecule 4 within the tumor cell is critical for its cytotoxicity. In order to assess warhead release from ADC Molecules 4 and 21, tumor and plasma levels of free drugs (I) and (II) were measured in mice bearing Igrov1 tumors treated with the two ADC molecules. As shown in FIG. 34, release and tumor accumulation of free drug (I) from ADC Molecule 4 was comparable or slightly better than that of free drug (II) from ADC Molecule 21. This data, taken together with the comparable cytotoxicity of the two warheads suggests that the cytotoxic activity of ADC Molecule 4 would be at least comparable to that of comparator ADC Molecule 21.

To summarize, the data described in Examples 29-32 suggests that a widened therapeutic index (TI) can result from both the attributes of the released warhead (free drug (I) versus free drug (II)) and the architecture of ADC Molecule 4 as a whole. Free drugs (I) and (II) are comparable in in vitro cytotoxic activity when administered as free drugs as well as comparable in their accumulation in tumors when administered as an ADC. The much weaker PgP substrate capability of free drug (I) versus free drug (II) predicts that as tumors develop resistance based on efflux, ADC Molecule 4 will retain most of its original activity. The protease-cleavable release mechanism of ADC Molecule 4 has greater stability, and tumor specificity, than the disulfide release mechanism of comparator ADC Molecule 21. This imparts concomitantly higher specificity for cells expressing FolRα. The greater stability of ADC Molecule 4 together with the faster clearance and higher tolerability of catabolite (I) also confers an improved safety profile for ADC Molecule 4. All of this indicates that ADC Molecule 4 could have a higher TI than comparator ADC IMGN853 as measured on surrogate ADC Molecule 21.

Example 35 Introduction of Mutations into Candidate Antibodies

A V262E mutation was introduced into antibody variant 1848-H01 (Y180/F404) to investigate whether this mutation would increase yields of the variant. Introduction of the V262E mutation resulted in about a 70% increase in yield post ProA purification (350 mg/L compared to parent titer of 170 mg/L) with no change in quality of purified protein (data not shown). The properties of the V262E mutated protein conjugated to Conjugate P (Example 11) and Conjugate Q (Example 15) was compared to the parental conjugate ADC Molecule 4 for conjugation efficiency and in vitro activity of the ADC. As seen in Table 30, introduction of the V262E mutation reduced the in vitro cytotoxic activity on Igrov1 cells of the P conjugate to a small extent and of the Q conjugate to a larger extent, although conjugation efficiency and DAR were comparable.

TABLE 30 Comparisonof ADC molecules with or without V262E mutations Cell Killing ADC Conjugation % (Igrov1) Molecule Antibody Conjugate Site(s) DAR Conjugated EC50 (nM) Span (%) 4 1848-H01 P Y180/F404 3.73 93% 0.083 80 20 1848-H01 Q Y180/F404 3.81 95% 0.13 70 23 1848-H01 P Y180/F404 3.57 89% 0.088 72 V262E 24 1848-H01 Q Y180/F404 3.76 94% 0.19 56 V262E

A comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo stability and in vivo efficacy of the P conjugate to the ADC Molecule 4 showed that, while PK of the ADCs was comparable between the two versions (Table 31, FIG. 36), the in vivo activity of the mutated P conjugate (ADC Molecule 23) was marginally lower than that of ADC Molecule 4 (FIG. 35A). Statistical analysis of tumor size on day 21 showed that only treatment with ADC Molecule 4 resulted in significantly smaller tumors compared to vehicle, however tumor sizes in the ADC Molecule 4 and ADC Molecule 23 groups were not statistically different from each other (FIG. 35B). Based on this, ADC Molecule 23 is suitable as an alternative ADC for development and further investigation for targeting of FolRα.

TABLE 31 Pharmacokinetic properties of ADC molecules with or without V262E AUC_(0-last) ± C_(max) ± SE AUC_(0-inf) ± ADC Conjugation Terminal C₀ SE (day * SE(day * Clearance V_(SS) Molecule SP Antibody Conjugate Site(s) t_(1/2) (hr) (μg/mL) (μg/mL) μg/mL) μg/mL) (mL/days/kg) (mL/kg) 4 8193 1848-H01 P Y180/F404 6.36 122 118 ± 5  476 ± 22 523 9.57 79.7 23 8675 1848-H01 P Y180/F404 5.70 115 113 ± 11 599 ± 34 636 7.87 60.5 V262E

Example 36 Sequences

Table 32 provides sequences referred to herein.

TABLE 32 Sequences SEQ ID NO: Molecule Region Scheme Sequence 1 Human folate MAQRMTTQLLLLLVWVAVVGEAQTRIAW receptor alpha ARTELLNVCMNAKHHKEKPGPEDKLHEQ (hFOLR1) CRPWRKNACCSTNTSQEAHKDVSYLYRF NWNHCGEMAPACKRHFIQDTCLYECSPN LGPWIQQVDQSWRKERVLNVPLCKEDCE QWWEDCRTSYTCKSNWHKGWNWTSGFNK CAVGAACQPFHEYEPTPTVLCNEIWTHS YKVSNYSRGSGRCIQMWFDPAQGNPNEE VARFYAAAMSGAGPWAAWPFLLSLALML LWLLS 2 Cynomolgus folate MAQRMTTQLLLLLVWVAVVGEAQTRTAR receptor alpha ARTELLNVCMNAKHHKEKPGPEDKLHEQ CRPWKKNACCSTNTSQEAHKDVSYLYRF NWNHCGEMAPACKRHFIQDTCLYECSPN LGPWIQQVDQSWRKERVLNVPLCKEDCE RWWEDCRTSYTCKSNWHKGWNWTSGFNK CPVGAACQPFHEYEPTPTVLCNEIWTYS YKVSNYSRGSGRCIQMWFDPAQGNPNEE VARFYAAAMSGAGPWAAMPLLLSLALTL LWLLS 3 Murine folate MAHLMTVQLLLLVMWMAECAQSRATRAR receptor alpha TELLNVCMDAKHHKEKPGPEDNLHDQCS PWKINSCCSINTSQEAHKDISYLYRENW NHCGTMTSECKRHFIQDTCLYECSPNLG PWIQQVDQSWRKERILDVPLCKEDCQQW WEDCQSSFTCKSNWHKGWNWSSGHNECP VGASCHPFTFYFPTSAALCEEIWSHSYK LSNYSRGSGRCIQMWFDPAQGNPNEEVA REYAEAMSGAGEHGTWPLLCSLSLVLLW VIS 4 SRP1848-A01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNITRY 5 SRP1848-A02 CDR-H1 Chothia GENTSGF 6 SRP1848-A04 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIDQS 7 SRP1848-A06 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGNS 8 SRP1848-A07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGYH 9 SRP1848-A08 CDR-H1 Chothia GSNIRKH 10 SRP1848-A09 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRKQ 11 SRP1848-A10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRKY 12 SRP1848-B01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRNY 13 SRP1848-B03 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISMK 14 SRP1848-B04 CDR-H1 Chothia SFNISNH 15 SRP1848-B05 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNY 16 SRP1848-B06 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNY 17 SRP1848-B07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISRF 18 SRP1848-B09 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNITNY 19 SRP1848-B10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNTTTK 20 SRP1848-B11 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGNN 21 SRP1848-C01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGNS 22 SRP1848-C03 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGVY 23 SRP1848-C04 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRHY 24 SRP1848-C05 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRKY 25 SRP1848-C07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRKY 26 SRP1848-C10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRTY 27 SRP1848-D02 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISHN 28 SRP1848-D03 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRYF 29 SRP1848-D04 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISHY 30 SRP1848-D05 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISIS 31 SRP1848-D07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISKY 32 SRP1848-D09 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNY 33 SRP1848-D10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISRN 34 SRP1848-E01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIINK 35 SRP1848-E02 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGKY 36 SRP1848-E03 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGNY 37 SRP1848-E05 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIGVY 38 SRP1848-E06 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNINRY 39 SRP1848-E07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRKS 40 SRP1848-F01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRTY 41 SRP1848-F02 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRTY 42 SRP1848-F04 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNY 43 SRP1848-F05 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISKS 44 SRP1848-F06 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISLS 45 SRP1848-F07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNH 46 SRP1848-F08 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNH 47 SRP1848-F09 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNH 48 SRP1848-F10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNN 49 SRP1848-F11 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISNN 50 SRP1848-G01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISRH 51 SRP1848-G03 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISTY 52 SRP1848-G04 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIHST 53 SRP1848-G06 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRST 54 SRP1848-G07 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIHST 55 SRP1848-G09 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRGT 56 SRP1848-G10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRST 57 SRP1848-G11 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNISST 58 SRP1848-H01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFNIRTQ 59 SRP2060-E10 CDR-H1 Chothia GFSLSTFGM 60 SRP2060-E05 CDR-H1 Chothia GFSLSTFGM 61 SRP2060-B01 CDR-H1 Chothia GFSLSTFGM 62 SRP2060-A06 CDR-H1 Chothia GFSLSTFGM 63 SRP1848-A01 CDR-H1 Kabat RYSIH 64 SRP1848-A02 CDR-H1 Kabat GFRIH 65 SRP1848-A04 CDR-H1 Kabat QSSIH 66 SRP1848-A06 CDR-H1 Kabat NSYIH 67 SRP1848-A07 CDR-H1 Kabat YHSIH 68 SRP1848-A08 CDR-H1 Kabat KHSIH 69 SRP1848-A09 CDR-H1 Kabat KQSIH 70 SRP1848-A10 CDR-H1 Kabat KYSIH 71 SRP1848-B01 CDR-H1 Kabat NYSIH 72 SRP1848-B03 CDR-H1 Kabat MKYIH 73 SRP1848-B04 CDR-H1 Kabat NHSIH 74 SRP1848-B05 CDR-H1 Kabat NYYIH 75 SRP1848-B06 CDR-H1 Kabat NYYIH 76 SRP1848-B07 CDR-H1 Kabat RFYIH 77 SRP1848-B09 CDR-H1 Kabat NYYIH 78 SRP1848-B10 CDR-H1 Kabat TKSIH 79 SRP1848-B11 CDR-H1 Kabat NNSIH 80 SRP1848-C01 CDR-H1 Kabat NSYIH 81 SRP1848-C03 CDR-H1 Kabat VYSIH 82 SRP1848-C04 CDR-H1 Kabat HYSIH 83 SRP1848-C05 CDR-H1 Kabat KYSIH 84 SRP1848-C07 CDR-H1 Kabat KYSIH 85 SRP1848-C10 CDR-H1 Kabat TYYIH 86 SRP1848-D02 CDR-H1 Kabat HNYIH 87 SRP1848-D03 CDR-H1 Kabat YFSIH 88 SRP1848-D04 CDR-H1 Kabat HYSIH 89 SRP1848-D05 CDR-H1 Kabat ISYIH 90 SRP1848-D07 CDR-H1 Kabat KYYIH 91 SRP1848-D09 CDR-H1 Kabat NYYIH 92 SRP1848-D10 CDR-H1 Kabat RNSIH 93 SRP1848-E01 CDR-H1 Kabat NKYIH 94 SRP1848-E02 CDR-H1 Kabat KYSIH 95 SRP1848-E03 CDR-H1 Kabat NYYIH 96 SRP1848-E05 CDR-H1 Kabat VYYIH 97 SRP1848-E06 CDR-H1 Kabat RYYIH 98 SRP1848-E07 CDR-H1 Kabat KSSIH 99 SRP1848-F01 CDR-H1 Kabat TYSIH 100 SRP1848-F02 CDR-H1 Kabat TYSIH 101 SRP1848-F04 CDR-H1 Kabat NYSIH 102 SRP1848-F05 CDR-H1 Kabat KSSIH 103 SRP1848-F06 CDR-H1 Kabat LSYIH 104 SRP1848-F07 CDR-H1 Kabat NHSIH 105 SRP1848-F08 CDR-H1 Kabat NHSIH 106 SRP1848-F09 CDR-H1 Kabat NHYIH 107 SRP1848-F10 CDR-H1 Kabat NNSIH 108 SRP1848-F11 CDR-H1 Kabat NNYIH 109 SRP1848-G01 CDR-H1 Kabat RHSIH 110 SRP1848-G03 CDR-H1 Kabat TYYIH 111 SRP1848-G04 CDR-H1 Kabat STDIH 112 SRP1848-G06 CDR-H1 Kabat STDIH 113 SRP1848-G07 CDR-H1 Kabat STDIH 114 SRP1848-G09 CDR-H1 Kabat GTDIH 115 SRP1848-G10 CDR-H1 Kabat STDIH 116 SRP1848-G11 CDR-H1 Kabat STDIH 117 SRP1848-H01 CDR-H1 Kabat TQSIH 118 SRP2060-E10 CDR-H1 Kabat TFGMGVG 119 SRP2060-E05 CDR-H1 Kabat TFGMGVG 120 SRP2060-B01 CDR-H1 Kabat TFGMGVG 121 SRP2060-A06 CDR-H1 Kabat TFGMGVG 122 SRP1848-A01 CDR-H2 Chothia LPESGG 123 SRP1848-A02 CDR-H2 Chothia YPESGA 124 SRP1848-A04 CDR-H2 Chothia YPVDGT 125 SRP1848-A06 CDR-H2 Chothia TPIDGN 126 SRP1848-A07 CDR-H2 Chothia FPVDGT 127 SRP1848-A08 CDR-H2 Chothia YPNDGT 128 SRP1848-A09 CDR-H2 Chothia FPNDGT 129 SRP1848-A10 CDR-H2 Chothia FPIDDI 130 SRP1848-B01 CDR-H2 Chothia YPVDGI 131 SRP1848-B03 CDR-H2 Chothia TPIDGM 132 SRP1848-B04 CDR-H2 Chothia YPVDGI 133 SRP1848-B05 CDR-H2 Chothia SPIDGY 134 SRP1848-B06 CDR-H2 Chothia TPIDGY 135 SRP1848-B07 CDR-H2 Chothia SPYDGF 136 SRP1848-B09 CDR-H2 Chothia TPVDGY 137 SRP1848-B10 CDR-H2 Chothia YPRDGI 138 SRP1848-B11 CDR-H2 Chothia SPIDGF 139 SRP1848-C01 CDR-H2 Chothia TPNDGY 140 SRP1848-C03 CDR-H2 Chothia YPIDGN 141 SRP1848-C04 CDR-H2 Chothia YPGPGN 142 SRP1848-C05 CDR-H2 Chothia FPIDGI 143 SRP1848-C07 CDR-H2 Chothia FPIDGI 144 SRP1848-C10 CDR-H2 Chothia SPIDGY 145 SRP1848-D02 CDR-H2 Chothia TPQDGY 146 SRP1848-D03 CDR-H2 Chothia FPNDGS 147 SRP1848-D04 CDR-H2 Chothia YPRDGI 148 SRP1848-D05 CDR-H2 Chothia SPIDGY 149 SRP1848-D07 CDR-H2 Chothia SPNDGY 150 SRP1848-D09 CDR-H2 Chothia SPNDGY 151 SRP1848-D10 CDR-H2 Chothia SPNDGT 152 SRP1848-E01 CDR-H2 Chothia TPFDGF 153 SRP1848-E02 CDR-H2 Chothia YPNDGN 154 SRP1848-E03 CDR-H2 Chothia TPRDGF 155 SRP1848-E05 CDR-H2 Chothia TPNDGY 156 SRP1848-E06 CDR-H2 Chothia TPNDGY 157 SRP1848-E07 CDR-H2 Chothia FPYDGS 158 SRP1848-F01 CDR-H2 Chothia FPNDGT 159 SRP1848-F02 CDR-H2 Chothia FPNDGT 160 SRP1848-F04 CDR-H2 Chothia YPIDGI 161 SRP1848-F05 CDR-H2 Chothia YPNDGS 162 SRP1848-F06 CDR-H2 Chothia SPIDGN 163 SRP1848-F07 CDR-H2 Chothia YPNDGI 164 SRP1848-F08 CDR-H2 Chothia YPVDGI 165 SRP1848-F09 CDR-H2 Chothia SPLDGY 166 SRP1848-F10 CDR-H2 Chothia FPNDGY 167 SRP1848-F11 CDR-H2 Chothia TPIDGN 168 SRP1848-G01 CDR-H2 Chothia APNDGS 169 SRP1848-G03 CDR-H2 Chothia TPSDGF 170 SRP1848-G04 CDR-H2 Chothia TPAGGA 171 SRP1848-G06 CDR-H2 Chothia TPAGGA 172 SRP1848-G07 CDR-H2 Chothia TPAGGA 173 SRP1848-G09 CDR-H2 Chothia TPAGGA 174 SRP1848-G10 CDR-H2 Chothia TPAGGA 175 SRP1848-G11 CDR-H2 Chothia TPAGGA 176 SRP1848-H01 CDR-H2 Chothia FPIDGI 177 SRP2060-E10 CDR-H2 Chothia WWDDD 178 SRP2060-E05 CDR-H2 Chothia WWDDD 179 SRP2060-B01 CDR-H2 Chothia WWDDD 180 SRP2060-A06 CDR-H2 Chothia WWDDD 181 SRP1848-A01 CDR-H2 Kabat GILPESGGTSYADSVKG 182 SRP1848-A02 CDR-H2 Kabat GIYPESGATYYADSVKG 183 SRP1848-A04 CDR-H2 Kabat VIYPVDGTTDYADSVKG 184 SRP1848-A06 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPIDGNTDYADSVKG 185 SRP1848-A07 CDR-H2 Kabat EIFPVDGTTDYADSVKG 186 SRP1848-A08 CDR-H2 Kabat SIYPNDGTTDYADSVKG 187 SRP1848-A09 CDR-H2 Kabat SIFPNDGTTDYADSVKG 188 SRP1848-A10 CDR-H2 Kabat DIFPIDDITDYADSVKG 189 SRP1848-B01 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPVDGITDYADSVKG 190 SRP1848-B03 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPIDGMTDYADSVKG 191 SRP1848-B04 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPVDGITDYADSVKG 192 SRP1848-B05 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPIDGYTDYADSMKG 193 SRP1848-B06 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPIDGYTDYADSVKG 194 SRP1848-B07 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPYDGFTDYADSVKG 195 SRP1848-B09 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPVDGYTDYADRVKG 196 SRP1848-B10 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPRDGITDYADSVKG 197 SRP1848-B11 CDR-H2 Kabat DISPIDGFTDYADSVKG 198 SRP1848-C01 CDR-H2 Kabat GVTPNDGYTDYADSVKG 199 SRP1848-C03 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPIDGNTDYADSVKG 200 SRP1848-C04 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPGPGNTDYADSVKG 201 SRP1848-C05 CDR-H2 Kabat DIFPIDGINDYADSVKG 202 SRP1848-C07 CDR-H2 Kabat DIFPIDGITDYADSVKG 203 SRP1848-C10 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPIDGYTDYADSMKG 204 SRP1848-D02 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPQDGYTDYADSVKG 205 SRP1848-D03 CDR-H2 Kabat DIFPNDGSTDYADSVKG 206 SRP1848-D04 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPRDGITDYADSVKG 207 SRP1848-D05 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPIDGYTDYADSVKG 208 SRP1848-D07 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPNDGYTDYADSVKG 209 SRP1848-D09 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPNDGYTDYADSVKG 210 SRP1848-D10 CDR-H2 Kabat WISPNDGTTDYADSVKG 211 SRP1848-E01 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPFDGFTDYADSVKG 212 SRP1848-E02 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPNDGNTDYADSVKG 213 SRP1848-E03 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPRDGFTDYADSVKG 214 SRP1848-E05 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPNDGYTDYADSVKG 215 SRP1848-E06 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPNDGYTDYADSVEG 216 SRP1848-E07 CDR-H2 Kabat EIFPYDGSTDYADNVKG 217 SRP1848-F01 CDR-H2 Kabat SIFPNDGTTDYADSVKG 218 SRP1848-F02 CDR-H2 Kabat SIFPNDGTTDYADSVKG 219 SRP1848-F04 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPIDGITDYADSVKG 220 SRP1848-F05 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPNDGSTDYADSVKG 221 SRP1848-F06 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPIDGNTDYADSVKG 222 SRP1848-F07 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPNDGITDYADSVKG 223 SRP1848-F08 CDR-H2 Kabat EIYPVDGITDYADSVKG 224 SRP1848-F09 CDR-H2 Kabat GISPLDGYTDYADSVKG 225 SRP1848-F10 CDR-H2 Kabat SIFPNDGYTDYADSVKG 226 SRP1848-F11 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPIDGNTDYADSVKG 227 SRP1848-G01 CDR-H2 Kabat WIAPNDGSTDYADSVKG 228 SRP1848-G03 CDR-H2 Kabat GITPSDGFTDYADSVKG 229 SRP1848-G04 CDR-H2 Kabat YITPAGGATFYADSVKG 230 SRP1848-G06 CDR-H2 Kabat YITPAGGATYYADNVKG 231 SRP1848-G07 CDR-H2 Kabat YITPAGGATWYADSVKG 232 SRP1848-G09 CDR-H2 Kabat YITPAGGATFYADSVKG 233 SRP1848-G10 CDR-H2 Kabat YITPAGGATYYADSVKG 234 SRP1848-G11 CDR-H2 Kabat YITPAGGATWYADSVKG 235 SRP1848-H01 CDR-H2 Kabat DIFPIDGITDYADSVKG 236 SRP2060-E10 CDR-H2 Kabat HIWWDDDKYYHPALKG 237 SRP2060-E05 CDR-H2 Kabat HIWWDDDKYYHPALKG 238 SRP2060-B01 CDR-H2 Kabat HIWWDDDKYYHPALKG 239 SRP2060-A06 CDR-H2 Kabat HIWWDDDKYYYPALKG 240 SRP1848-A01 CDR-H3 HIYPWDWFSNYVLDY 241 SRP1848-A02 CDR-H3 HLYVWDWVLDHVLDY 242 SRP1848-A04 CDR-H3 GAWSWRSGYGYYIDY 243 SRP1848-A06 CDR-H3 GAWSWRSGYGYYIDY 244 SRP1848-A07 CDR-H3 GFWAWRSGYGYYLDY 245 SRP1848-A08 CDR-H3 GSWFWRAGYGYYLDY 246 SRP1848-A09 CDR-H3 GSWFWRSGYGYFLEY 247 SRP1848-A10 CDR-H3 GSWSWPSGHSYYLDY 248 SRP1848-B01 CDR-H3 GFWSWPSGYSYFLDY 249 SRP1848-B03 CDR-H3 GSWSWPSGYSYYLDY 250 SRP1848-B04 CDR-H3 GRYSWRAGYSYYLDY 251 SRP1848-B05 CDR-H3 GSWFWQSGYGYYLDY 252 SRP1848-B06 CDR-H3 GFWSWPSGYGYYQDY 253 SRP1848-B07 CDR-H3 GSWSWPAGYGYYQDY 254 SRP1848-B09 CDR-H3 GAWSWRSGYGYYMDY 255 SRP1848-B10 CDR-H3 GGWHWRSGYSYYLDY 256 SRP1848-B11 CDR-H3 GSWSWRAGYGYYLDY 257 SRP1848-C01 CDR-H3 GSWFWRAGYGYYLDY 258 SRP1848-C03 CDR-H3 GSWAWRSGYSYYLDY 259 SRP1848-C04 CDR-H3 GSLSWRAGYGYYLDY 260 SRP1848-C05 CDR-H3 GSWSWKAGYGYYLDY 261 SRP1848-C07 CDR-H3 GSWSWPAGYGYYQDY 262 SRP1848-C10 CDR-H3 GSWSWPAGYGYYLDY 263 SRP1848-D02 CDR-H3 GAWSWRAGYGYYLDY 264 SRP1848-D03 CDR-H3 GHWSWPSGYWYYLDY 265 SRP1848-D04 CDR-H3 GYWFWRSGYGYYLDY 266 SRP1848-D05 CDR-H3 GSWSWRAGYGYYLDY 267 SRP1848-D07 CDR-H3 GFWAWRSGYGYYLDY 268 SRP1848-D09 CDR-H3 GSWSWRHGYGYYLDY 269 SRP1848-D10 CDR-H3 GAWSWRSGYGYYIDY 270 SRP1848-E01 CDR-H3 GSWSWPAGYGYYQDY 271 SRP1848-E02 CDR-H3 GSWSWRSGYGYYLDY 272 SRP1848-E03 CDR-H3 GSWSWPAGHSYYLDY 273 SRP1848-E05 CDR-H3 GFWAWRSGYGYYLDY 274 SRP1848-E06 CDR-H3 GTWSWPSGHSYYLDY 275 SRP1848-E07 CDR-H3 GAWSWRSGYGYYIDY 276 SRP1848-F01 CDR-H3 GSWAWRAGYSYYLDY 277 SRP1848-F02 CDR-H3 GSWSWQAGYGYYLDY 278 SRP1848-F04 CDR-H3 GSWFWRSGYGYYLDY 279 SRP1848-F05 CDR-H3 GSWAWRSGYSYFLDY 280 SRP1848-F06 CDR-H3 GFWAWRSGYGYYLDY 281 SRP1848-F07 CDR-H3 GSWDWRSGYSYYLDY 282 SRP1848-F08 CDR-H3 GSWYWQSGYSYYLDY 283 SRP1848-F09 CDR-H3 GAWSWRSGYGYYIDY 284 SRP1848-F10 CDR-H3 GSWFWRSGYGYYLDY 285 SRP1848-F11 CDR-H3 GSWYWRAGYGYYLDY 286 SRP1848-G01 CDR-H3 GSWAWRSGYSYFLDY 287 SRP1848-G03 CDR-H3 GSWSWPSGHGYFLDY 288 SRP1848-G04 CDR-H3 YPYWFAGYMDY 289 SRP1848-G06 CDR-H3 QPYWFAGYMDY 290 SRP1848-G07 CDR-H3 YPFWFAGYMDY 291 SRP1848-G09 CDR-H3 HEYWFSGYMDY 292 SRP1848-G10 CDR-H3 YPYWFAGYIDY 293 SRP1848-G11 CDR-H3 YPYWFSGYMDY 294 SRP1848-H01 CDR-H3 GSWSWPSGMDYYLDY 295 SRP2060-E10 CDR-H3 NHFPHYYGSSHWYFNV 296 SRP2060-E05 CDR-H3 NHFPHYYGSSHWYFNV 297 SRP2060-B01 CDR-H3 NHFPHYYGSSHWYFNV 298 SRP2060-A06 CDR-H3 NHFPHYYGSSHWYFDV 299 trastuzumab CDR-L1 RASQDVNTAVA 300 H6D1-LC4 CDR-L1 KASQDINSYLS 301 H6D1-LC5 CDR-L1 KASQDINSYLS 302 trastuzumab CDR-L2 SASFLYS 303 H6D1-LC4 CDR-L3 RANRLVD 304 H6D1-LC5 CDR-L2 RANRLVD 305 trastuzumab CDR-L3 QQHYTTPPT 306 H6D1-LC4 CDR-L3 LQYDEFPYT 307 H6D1-LC5 CDR-L3 LQYDEFPYT 308 SRP1848-A01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ITRYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAGILPESG GTSYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARHIYPWDWFSNYVLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 309 SRP1848-A02 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISGFRIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAGIYPESG ATYYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARHLYVWDWVLDHVLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 310 SRP1848-A04 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IDQSSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIYPVDG TTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRSGYGYYID YWGQGTLVTVSS 311 SRP1848-A06 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGNSYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPIDG NTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRSGYGYYID YWGQGTLVTVSS 312 SRP1848-A07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGYHSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIFPVDG TTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLHMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGFWAWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 313 SRP1848-A08 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSN IRKHSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGSIYPNDG TTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWFWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 314 SRP1848-A09 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRKQSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGSIFPNDG TTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQVN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWFWRSGYGYFLE YWGQGTLVTVSS 315 SRP1848-A10 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRKYSIHWARQAPGKGLEWVGDIFPIDD ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPSGHSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 316 SRP1848-B01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRNYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPVDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGFWSWPSGYSYFLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 317 SRP1848-B03 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISMKYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPIDG MTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPSGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 318 SRP1848-B04 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASSFN ISNHSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPVDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGRYSWRAGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 319 SRP1848-B05 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGI5P1DG YTDYADSMKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMS SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWFWQSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 320 SRP1848-B06 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPIDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGFWSWPSGYGYYQD YWGQGTLVTVSS 321 SRP1848-B07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISRFYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGISPYDG FTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPAGYGYYQD YWGQGTLVTVSS 322 SRP1848-B09 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAGGFN ITNYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPVDG YTDYADRVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRSGYGYYMD YWGQGTLVTVSS 323 SRP1848-B10 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN TTTKSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPRDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGGWHWRSGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 324 SRP1848-B11 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGNNSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGDISPIDG FTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 325 SRP1848-C01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGNSYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGVTPNDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTTYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWFWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGALVTVSS 326 SRP1848-C03 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGVYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPIDG NTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWAWRSGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 327 SRP1848-C04 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRHYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPGPG NTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSLSWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 328 SRP1848-C05 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRKYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGDIFPIDG INDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWKAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 329 SRP1848-C07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRKYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGDIFPIDG ITDYADSMKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPAGYGYYQD YWGQGTLVTVSS 330 SRP1848-C10 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRTYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGISPIDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 331 SRP1848-D02 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISHNYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPQDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN RLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 332 SRP1848-D03 VH EVQLVESGGGVVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRYFSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGDIFPNDG STDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEETAVYYCARGHWSWPSGYWYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 333 SRP1848-D04 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRSCAASGFN ISHYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPRDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLSAEDTAVYYCARGYWFWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 334 SRP1848-D05 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISISYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGISPIDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 335 SRP1848-D07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISKYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGISPNDG YTDYADSVKGRFAISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGFWAWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 336 SRP1848-D09 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGISPNDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWRHGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 337 SRP1848-D10 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISRNSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGWISPNDG TTDYADSVKGRFTISADGSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRSGYGYYID YWGQGTLVTVSS 338 SRP1848-E01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ITNKYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPFDG FTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPAGYGYYQD YWGQGTLVTVSS 339 SRP1848-E02 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGKYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPNDG NTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 340 SRP1848-E03 VH EVQLVESGGGLAQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IGNYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPRDG FTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQVN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPAGHSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 341 SRP1848-E05 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRVSCAASGFN IGVYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPNDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGFWAWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 342 SRP1848-E06 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPSGSLRLSCAASGFN INRYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPNDG YTDYADSVEGRFTTSADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGTWSWPSGHSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 343 SRP1848-E07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRKSSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIFPYDG STDYADNVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRSGYGYYID YWGQGTLVTVSS 344 SRP1848-F01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRTYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGSIFPNDG TTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWAWRAGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 345 SRP1848-F02 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRTYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGSIFPNDG TTDYADSVKGRLTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWQAGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 346 SRP1848-F04 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNYSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPIDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWFWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 347 SRP1848-F05 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISKSSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPNDG STDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWAWRSGYSYFLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 348 SRP1848-F06 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISLSYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGI5PIDG NTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGFWAWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 349 SRP1848-F07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNHSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPNDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLSAEDTAVYYCARGSWDWRSGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 350 SRP1848-F08 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAGGFN ISNHSIHWVRQAPGKGVEWVGEIYPVDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLRMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWYWQSGYSYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 351 SRP1848-F09 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNHYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGISPLDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGAWSWRSGYGYYID YWGQGTLVTVSS 352 SRP1848-F10 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNNSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGSIFPNDG YTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWFWRSGYGYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 353 SRP1848-F11 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISNNYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPIDG NTDYADSVKGRFTISADTSMNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWYWRAGYGYYLD YWGQGALVTVSS 354 SRP1848-G01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISRHSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGWIAPNDG STDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWAWRSGYSYFLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 355 SRP1848-G03 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISTYYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGGITPSDG FTDYADSVKGRSTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPSGHGYFLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 356 SRP1848-G04 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IHSTDIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAYITPAGG ATFYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYPYWFAGYMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 357 SRP1848-G06 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRSTDIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAYITPAGG ATYYADNVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARQPYWFAGYMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 358 SRP1848-G07 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IHSTDIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAYITPAGG ATWYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYPFWFAGYMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 359 SRP1848-G09 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRGTDIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAYITPAGG ATFYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARHEYWFSGYMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 360 SRP1848-G10 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGSSLRLSCAASGFN IRSTDIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAYITPAGG ATYYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYPYWFAGYIDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 361 SRP1848-G11 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN ISSTDIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAYITPAGG ATWYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYPYWFSGYMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 362 SRP1848-H01 VH EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN IRTQSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWIGDIFPIDG ITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARGSWSWPSGMDYYLD YWGQGTLVTVSS 363 SRP2060-E10 VH EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAFSGFS LSTFGMGVGWVRQAPGKGLEWVSHIWWD DDKYYHPALKGRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCGRNHFPHYYGSSHWY FNVWGQGTTVTVSS 364 SRP2060-E05 VH EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAFSGFS LSTFGMGVGWVRQAPGKGLEWVSHIWWD DDKYYHPALKGRFTVSKDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCGRNHFPHYYGSSHWY FNVWGQGTTVTVSS 365 SRP2060-B01 VH EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCALSGFS LSTFGMGVGWVRQATGKGLEWVSHIWWD DDKYYHPALKGRFTISKDNSKNTVHLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCGRNHFPHYYGSSHWY FNVWGQGTTVTVSS 366 SRP2060-A06 VH EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAFSGFS LSTFGMGVGWVRQAPGKGLEWVGHIWWD DDKYYYPALKGRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCGRNHFPHYYGSSHWY FDVWGQGTTVTVSS 367 trastuzumab VL DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQD VNTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLYS GVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFA TYYCQQHYTTPPTFGQGTKVEIK 368 H6D1-LC4 VL EIVMTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCKASQD INSYLSWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYRANRLVD GIPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFA VYYCLQYDEFPYTFGGGTKVEIK 369 H6D1-LC5 VL DIQMTQSPSTLSASVGDRVTITCKASQD INSYLSWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYRANRLVD GVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPDDFA TYYCLQYDEFPYTFGGGTKVEIK 370 Human IgG1 HC ASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCL Constant VKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAV LQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICN VNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPC PAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVH NAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDW LNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKG QPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSC SVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 371 Human IgG LC RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCL Constant Ckappa LNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESV TEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKV YACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 372 Mouse IgG1 HC AKTTPPSVYPLAPGSAAQTNSMVTLGCL Constant VKGYFPEPVTVTWNSGSLSSGVHTFPAV LQSDLYTLSSSVTVPSSTWPSETVTCNV AHPASSTKVDKKIVPRDCGCKPCICTVP EVSSVFIFPPKPKDVLTITLTPKVTCVV VDISKDDPEVQFSWFVDDVEVHTAQTQP REEQFNSTFRSVSELPIMHQDWLNGKEF KCRVNSAAFPAPIEKTISKTKGRPKAPQ VYTIPPPKEQMAKDKVSLTCMITDFFPE DITVEWQWNGQPAENYKNTQPIMDTDGS YFVYSKLNVQKSNWEAGNTFTCSVLHEG LHNHHTEKSLSHSPG 373 Mouse IgG LC RADAAPTVSIFPPSSEQLTSGGASVVCF Constant Ckappa LNNFYPKDINVKWKIDGSERQNGVLNSW TDQDSKDSTYSMSSTLTLIKDEYERHNS YTCEATHKTSTSPIVKSFNRNEC 374 Kappa LC HMTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVC LLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQES VTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 375 Lambda LD GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVC LISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETT TPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRS YSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 376 FlagHis Tag GSGDYKDDDDKGSGHHHHHH 377 Linker GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS 378 Linker AAGSDQEPKSS 379 1848-B10-VH- scFv MEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGF (G4S)3-VL NITTKSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPRD GITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCARGGWHWRSGYSYYL DYWGQGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQD VNTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLYS GVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFA TYYCQQHYTTPPTFGQGTKVE1K 380 1848-B10-VL- scFv MDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQ (G4S)3-VH DVNTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLY SGVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDF ATYYCQQHYTTPPTFGQGTKVEIKGGGG SGGGGSGGGGSEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGFNITTKSIHWVRQAPGKGL EWVGEIYPRDGITDYADSVKGRFTISAD ISKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARGGW HWRSGYSYYLDYWGQGTLVTVSS 381 1848-B10-VH- scFv-Fc MEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGF (G4S)3-VL NITTKSIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGEIYPRD GITDYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCARGGWHWRSGYSYYL DYWGQGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQD VNTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLYS GVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFA TYYCQQHYTTPPTFGQGTKVEIKAAGSD QEPKSSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFL FPPKPKDTLMISRIPEVTCVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNS TYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNK ALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPS REEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWE SNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSPGK 382 1848-B10-VL- scFv-Fc MDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQ (G4S)3-VH DVNTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLY SGVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDF ATYYCQQHYTTPPTFGQGTKVEIKGGGG SGGGGSGGGGSEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGFNITTKSIHWVRQAPGKGL EWVGEIYPRDGITDYADSVKGRFTISAD ISKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARGGW HWRSGYSYYLDYWGQGTLVTVSSAAGSD QEPKSSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFL FPPKPKDTLMISRIPEVTCVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNS TYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNK ALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPS REEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWE SNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSPGK

EQUIVALENTS

The disclosure set forth above may encompass multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. Although each of these inventions has been disclosed in its preferred form(s), the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and nonobvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein. The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and subcombinations regarded as novel and nonobvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed in this application, in applications claiming priority from this application, or in related applications. Such claims, whether directed to a different invention or to the same invention, and whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope in comparison to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the inventions of the present disclosure.

One or more features from any embodiments described herein or in the figures may be combined with one or more features of any other embodiments described herein or in the figures without departing from the scope of the invention.

All publications, patents and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. 

1-54. (canceled)
 55. An antibody conjugate comprising an antibody that specifically binds to folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) linked site-specifically to at least one payload moiety, wherein the antibody comprises: (i) a V_(H) comprising: a CDR-H1 comprising one of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 117; a CDR-H2 comprising one of SEQ ID NOs: 176 and 235; and a CDR-H3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 294; and (ii) a V_(L) comprising: a CDR-L1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 299; a CDR-L2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 302; and a CDR-L3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 305, and wherein the antibody comprises one or more non-natural amino acids at sites selected from the group consisting of: HC-F404, HC-Y180, and LC-K42 according to the Kabat or EU numbering scheme of Kabat.
 56. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the one or more non-natural amino acids is selected from the group consisting of p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, O-methyl-L-tyrosine, an -3-(2-naphthyl)alanine, 3-methyl-phenylalanine, O-4-allyl-L-tyrosine, 4-propyl-L-tyrosine, a tri-O-acetyl-GlcNAcβ-serine, L-Dopa, fluorinated phenylalanine, isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, p-azido-L-phenylalanine, p-azido-methyl-L-phenylalanine, compound (30), compound (56), p-acyl-L-phenylalanine, p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine, L-phosphoserine, phosphonoserine, phosphonotyrosine, p-iodo-phenylalanine, p-bromophenylalanine, p-amino-L-phenylalanine, isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, and p-propargyloxy-phenylalanine.
 57. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein a residue of the one or more non-natural amino acids is linked to the payload moiety via a linker that is cleavable
 58. The antibody conjugate of claim 56, wherein the non-natural amino acid residue is a residue of compound (30) or compound (56).
 59. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the payload moiety is selected from the group consisting of maytansines, hemiasterlins, amanitins, and auristatins.
 60. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the payload moiety is selected from the group consisting of DM1, hemiasterlin, amanitin, MMAF, and MMAE.
 61. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody comprises a V_(H) region comprising SEQ ID NO: 362, or a variant thereof having 7 or fewer amino acid substitutions, and a V_(L) region comprising SEQ ID NO: 367, or a variant thereof having 7 or fewer amino acid substitutions.
 62. The antibody of claim 61, wherein the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.
 63. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody comprises a non-natural amino acid at site HC-F404.
 64. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody comprises non-natural amino acids at sites HC-F404 and HC-Y180.
 65. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody comprises non-natural amino acids at sites HC-F404 and LC-K42.
 66. The antibody conjugate of claim 63, wherein the non-natural amino acids are selected from the group consisting of para-azidomethylphenylalanine and p-azido-methyl-L-phenylalanine.
 67. The antibody conjugate of claim 65, wherein the non-natural amino acids are selected from the group consisting of para-azidomethylphenylalanine and para-azido-methyl-L-phenylalanine.
 68. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody conjugate has the structure of Conjugate P:

wherein n is an integer from 1 to
 6. 69. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody comprises a V_(H) region comprising SEQ ID NO: 362, a V_(L) region comprising SEQ ID NO: 367, a non-natural amino acid at each of sites HC-F404 and HC-Y180, wherein the non-natural amino acid is para-azidomethylphenylalanine, and wherein the antibody conjugate has the structure of Conjugate P:

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4, and wherein at least one bracketed structure is covalently bonded to the side chain of para-azidomethylphenylalanine at HC-F404 and at least one bracketed structure is covalently bonded to the side chain of para-azidomethylphenylalanine at HC-Y180.
 70. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, further comprising at least one constant region domain comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 370, 371, and
 372. 71. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: an IgA, an IgD, an IgE, an IgG, and an IgM.
 72. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody is humanized or human.
 73. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody is aglycosylated.
 74. The antibody conjugate of claim 54, wherein the antibody is an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of: an Fv fragment, a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)₂ fragment, a Fab′ fragment, an scFv (sFv) fragment, and an scFv-Fc fragment.
 75. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody conjugate of claim 54 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 76. A method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody conjugate of claim
 54. 77. A method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of, or a pharmaceutical composition of claim
 75. 78. The method of claim 76, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer. 